DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

1. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

2. Parts of the Digestive System

3. Parts of the Digestive system • Mouth • Functions • mechanical digestion • Teeth • break up food • chemical digestion (saliva) • amylase enzyme • digests starch • mucus • protects soft lining of digestive system • lubricates food for easier swallowing • buffers • neutralizes acid to prevent tooth decay • anti-bacterial chemicals • kill bacteria that enter mouth with food

4. Parts of the Digestive System • Epiglottis • flap of cartilage • closes trachea (windpipe) when swallowing • food travels down esophagus • Peristalsis • involuntary muscle contractions to move food along

5. Parts of the Digestive System • Stomach • Functions • disinfect food • hydrochloric acid = pH 2 • kills bacteria • food storage • can stretch to fit food • digests protein • pepsin enzyme

7. Part of the Digestive System • Small Intestine • Functions • digestion • digest carbohydrates • amylase from pancreas • digest proteins • trypsin & chymotrypsin from pancreas • digest lipids (fats) • bile from liver & lipase from pancreas • absorption

8. Parts of the Digestive System • Small Intestine • Made up of three parts • Duodenum • Jejunum • Ileum

10. Parts of the Digestive System • Cecum • first part of the large intestine • attached to the appendix • Its purpose is to absorb excess fluids and lubricate food with mucus to allow it to pass along the remainder of the digestive tract with ease. • Also act as storage

11. Parts of the Digestive System • Large Intestine functions: • Water absorption • > 90% of water re-absorbed • not enough water re-absorbed • diarrhea • too much water re-absorbed • Constipation • Add mucus to undigested feed • Inside your large intestine are millions of helpful bacteria

13. Parts of the Digestive System • Pancreas • Produces different enzymes for digestion • Neutralizes stomach acid in small intestine • DIABETES!!

14. Parts of the Digestive System • Liver • Production of Bile • Dark green to yellow fluid that digests lipids • Gallbladder • Stores the bile

15. Taurine

16. POULTRY

17. Poultry • Chickens • Turkeys • Ducks • Geese

18. Poultry Digestive Systems • Mouth or beak • Can not chew food • Esophagus • Connects mouth to crop • Crop • Stores feed

19. Poultry Digestive Systems • Gizzard • Crushes feed • Contains grit and gravel • Mixes feed with digestive juices • Liver • Small and Large Intestine • Vent • Removes solid and liquid waste

20. GIBLETS!!

21. Mono-gastric Stomachs Non-ruminants

22. Non-ruminants • Animals that only have one stomach (mono-gastric). • Dogs, cats, horses, bears, humans, etc. • They can either be herbivores, omnivores, or carnivores.

23. Mouth • Teeth • All teeth are made up of incisors, canines, pre-molars, and molars.

24. Mouth • Animals have three different types of salivary glands (parotid, mandibular, sublingual) • They moisten the food • They lubricate the mouth • Add enzymes and bicarbonate salts

26. Tongue • A mass of muscle covered by mucous membranes. • Divided into three parts: • Apex (rostral end) • Body • Root (near the throat) • The muscles are oriented longitudinal, perpendicular, and transverse.

28. Stomach • The simple stomach is made up of 4 parts: • Fundus • Cardia (near the esophagus) • Body (largest) • Pylorus

29. Carnivore • Very Well developed stomach • Uncomplicated intestine • Limited fiber digestion

30. Omnivore • More complicated GIT than carnivores • Colonic digesters • Pigs, humans • Cecal digesters • rat

31. Herbivore • Cow- ruminant • Horse- simple stomach, large cecum, large sacculated LI • Rabbit- larger stomach, very large sacculated cecum, unsacculated LI

32. The Ruminant Digestive System

33. Ruminant Digestive Systems • Functions of the digestive system of animals include: • eating (ingestion) • chewing (mastication) • swallowing (deglutition) • absorption of nutrients • elimination of solid wastes (defecation)

35. Ruminant Digestive Systems • The digestive system of ruminant animals includes the : • Mouth - grasps the food • Teeth - grind the food • Ruminants have only one set of teeth in the front of the mouth (incisors), and two sets in the back (molars).

36. Reticulum - full

37. Reticulum - cleaned

38. Ruminant Digestive Systems • While the animal is “chewing its cud” foreign particles that are heavy are allowed to “sink” in the reticulum, preventing many foreign particles from entering the rest of the digestive system. • Once foreign material enters the reticulum, it stays there for the life of the animal.

39. Telephone Cord

40. Wire

41. Sponge taken from digestive system of an animal

42. Ruminant Digestive Systems • Rumen - the organ that allows for bacterial and chemical breakdown of fiber. • 25 to 50 billion bacteria • The rumen has a very thick, muscular wall. • It fills most of the left-side of the abdomen • Largest compartment holding 50 gallons.

43. Ruminant Digestive Systems • The walls of the rumen contain papillae (that can be up to 1 cm. in length), where the bacteria that are used to breakdown fiber live. • In some ruminants (dairy cattle) the rumen can have a capacity of 55-65 gallons!

44. Papillae in Rumen

45. Papillae in Rumen

46. Ruminant Digestive Systems • Omasum - section that is round and muscular. • “Grinds” the food material and prepares the food material for chemical breakdown. • Compartment known as the filter

47. Omasum - full

48. Ruminant Digestive Systems • Abomasum - very similar to the stomach of non-ruminants. • this is where the majority of chemical breakdown of food material occurs. • mixes in digestive enzymes (pepsin, rennin, bile, etc.).

49. Abomasum – inside view