Chapter 7: More Thought Patterns

1. Chapter 7:More Thought Patterns

2. Journal Topic • What are transitions? • What are thought patterns? • What are examples of thought patterns?

3. Transitions • Words and phrases that signal thought patterns • They show the logical relationship within and between sentences

4. Thought Patterns • Thought patterns are created by using transitions to show the relationship between ideas in a paragraph, passage, or textbook chapter. • Some common patterns are: • Time Order Pattern • Space Order Pattern • Listing Pattern • Classification Pattern

5. More Thought Patterns • Other common patterns are: • Comparison-and-Contrast • Cause-and-Effect • Generalization-and-Example

6. Comparison-and-Contrast • Comparison points out the ways in which two or more ideas are alike. • “Writing, like farming, follows a planting, growing, and reaping cycle.” • Contrast points out the ways in which two or more ideas are different. • “Women differ from men in their styles of communication.”

7. Words & Phrases of Comparison (p. 297) • Alike • As • As well as • Equally • In like manner • In a similar fashion • In a similar manner • In the same way • Just as • Just like • Like • Likewise • Resemble • Same • Similar • Similarly

8. Words and Phrases of Contrast (p. 300) • Although • On the one hand • Conversely • To the contrary • Nevertheless • Differently • At the same time • In contrast • Different • Still • On the contrary • Even though • Instead • As opposed to • On the other hand • Difference • Despite • Yet • But • In spite of • Different from

9. Combined Comparison-and-Contrast TASK: Read the following paragraph and write down any transitions that you notice. “Although yoga and Pilates share similar characteristics, an important difference exists. Both yoga and Pilates are low-impact forms of exercise that improve posture, flexibility, and contraction. However, the primary goal of Pilates is to strengthen the midsection and buttocks. On the other hand, yoga does not focus on any one part of the body. Rather yoga works the opposing muscles of the entire body.”

10. Comparison-and-Contrast “Although yoga and Pilates share similar characteristics, an important difference exists. Both yoga and Pilates are low-impact forms of exercise that improve posture, flexibility, and contraction. However, the primary goal of Pilates is to strengthen the midsection and buttocks. On the other hand, yoga does not focus on any one part of the body. Rather yoga works the opposing muscles of the entire body.”

11. Let’s Apply • ER p. 299; Prac. 2 – Comparison • ER p. 302; Prac. 4 – Contrast • ER p. 305; Prac. 5 and 6 – ComparisonandContrast (DON’T FORGET TO ANNOTATE!!!)

12. Cause-and-Effect • A causestates why something happens. • An effectstates a result or outcome. • “Because Selena memorized the algebra formulas and practiced using them, she did well on the test.” • “Due to the amount of snow on the streets and highways, schools and businesses have shut down.”

13. Cause-and-Effect Words p. 306 • Because • Consequently • Accordingly • Because of • Leads to • Results in • As a result • Due to • If-then • Since • So • Therefore • Thus

14. Cause and Effect Patterns

15. Let’s Apply • ER p. 307; Prac. 7 • ER p. 311; Prac. 8 (annotate)

16. Generalization-and-Example Pattern • In this pattern, the author makes a general statement and then offers an example or a series of examples to clarify the generalization. • “As technology evolves, it saves time; for example, broadband Internet access cuts down on the time needed to access information on the World Wide Web.”

17. Words that Introduce Examples p. 313 • an illustration • for example • for instance • including • once • such as • to illustrate • typically

18. Let’s Apply • ER p. 313; Prac. 10

19. Definition Pattern in Textbooks • textbooks are full of new terms • authors will often define new words and special terms and then give example

20. Definition Pattern • Definition signal words: • Is • Are • Means “Emblems are body gestures that directly translate into words or phrases.” • Example signal words: • For example • Such as “For example, a person may give up a high-paying job in the city to take a lower-paying job in a small town.”

21. Let’s Apply • ER p. 318; Prac. 12 • ER p. 321; Prac. 14 – all thought patterns

22. Which pattern is it? • “When stock prices fully reflect information that is available to investors, the stock market is efficient; in contrast, when the stock prices do not reflect all information, the stock market is inefficient.” __cause-and-effect __comparison-and-contrast __definition-and-example

23. Which pattern is it? • “When stock prices fully reflect information that is available to investors, the stock market is efficient; in contrast, when the stock prices do not reflect all information, the stock market is inefficient.” __cause-and-effect X comparison-and-contrast __definition-and-example

24. Quiz Time - Chapter Review ER p. 321 – 322

25. Chapter Review • Comparison points out the ways two or more ideas are alike. • Contrast points out the ways two or more ideas are different. • The words like, similarly, and likewise show the comparison pattern. • A cause states why something happens. • An effect states a result or outcome. • An author will often begin with a cause and then give the effects. • The phrases as a result, leads to, and therefore show the cause-and-effect pattern. • Example words signal that a writer is giving an instance of a general idea to clarify a point. • A definition explains the meaning of a new, difficult or special term. • Examples follow a definition to show how the word is used or applied.

26. Practice • ER p. 325 – 326; Review Test 1 A, B • ER p. 326 – 327; Review Test 2 A, B