CATATONIC STUPOR

1. CATATONIC STUPOR

2. SCHIZOPHRENIA AND OTHER PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS The PARANOID SCHIZOPHRENIC has elaborate systematized delusions about the world. Three main types of delusions are delusions of grandeur in which one is a famous person such as Christ, delusions of reference in which chance events such as thunderstorms carry important messages and delusions of persecution that cause the schizophrenic to feel others are plotting against him.

3. Delusions of Grandeur

4. Delusions of Reference

5. Delusions of Persecution

6. SCHIZOPHRENIA AND OTHER PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS UNDIFFERENTIATED SCHIZOPHRENIA includes schizophrenic symptoms that do not fit any of the other subtypes. Often after a schizophrenic disorder, the person returns to a more normal functioning state. They often exhibit minor symptoms of schizophrenia and are then classified as RESIDUAL SCHIZOPHRENICS.

7. UNDIFFERENTIATED SCHIZOPHRENIA

8. ANXIETY DISORDERS Anxiety disorders encompass the individual’s feelings of anxiety – tension, distress, nervousness or uncomfortable arousal by a strong and persistent unpleasant feeling of apprehension and fear. Although most of us feel anxiety and tension at times, persons suffering from anxiety disorders are constantly apprehensive and nervous. Their anxiety is intense, long-standing and disruptive.

9. ANXIETY DISORDERS

10. ANXIETY DISORDERS Common symptoms are: MOTOR TENSION (unable to relax, jittery, muscle tension), APPREHENSION (fear, worry, overconcern), AUTONOMIC HYPERACTIVITY (pounding heart, faintness, nausea or fast breathing), and HYPERVIGILANCE (hyperattentive focus on anxiety-provoking stimuli).

11. ANXIETY DISORDERS

12. ANXIETY DISORDERS Excessive persistent anxiety lasting over a month that is not focused on a particular situation or object characterizes GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER. Since the person generally does not know the real cause of the anxiety the tension becomes FREE-FLOATING ANXIETY. The person is generally anxious, tense and irritable. Unable to sleep the person becomes fatigued and unable to concentrate and function well.

13. FREE-FLOATING ANXIETY

14. ANXIETY DISORDERS The main feature of a PANIC DISORDER is terrifying PANIC ATTACKS that are spontaneous and recurrent. Victims are overcome with feelings of panic and helplessness. Anxiety attacks may include chest pains, trembling, heart palpitations and intense terror. Women are twice as likely as men to suffer from these episodic attacks of acute anxiety.

15. PANIC ATTACKS

16. ANXIETY DISORDERS PHOBIC DISORDER is overwhelming fear of an object or situation not likely to be dangerous. People with phobias recognize their irrationality but cannot keep fear from interfering with daily life. SIMPLE PHOBIAS are excessive irrational fears of specific situations or things. Common fears are acrophobia (heights), claustrophobia (enclosed spaces,) and acrophobia (fear of flying). Phobias usually caused by a specific traumatic experience are fear of snakes, darkness, insects, dogs or blood.

17. SIMPLE PHOBIAS

18. ANXIETY DISORDERS SOCIAL PHOBIAS are described in DSM as "fear of, and compelling desire to avoid a situation in which the individual is exposed to possible scrutiny by others and fears he or she may act in a way that will be humiliating or embarrassing". Social phobias often develop in adolescence and include a fear of criticism, fear of making mistakes and fear of public speaking. AGORAPHOBIA is an extreme fear of being alone in a public place away from the security of home. Once the fear generalizes the person experiences an intense, irrational fear of leaving the house.

19. SOCIAL PHOBIAS

20. OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER Another common type of anxiety disorder is the OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER. OBSESSIONS are anxiety-provoking thoughts that are repetitive and will not go away. COMPULSIONS are repetitive actions that are carried out ritualistically to avoid some feared situation. Common compulsions include excessive cleansing of hands, counting things, checking locks and straightening things up around the house. People feel compelled to indulge in meaningless rituals (compulsions) to control their irrational and persistent thoughts (obsessions).

21. OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER

22. STRESS DISORDERS A Stress Disorder is an extreme reaction to a highly stressful even or situation. ACUTE STRESS DISORDER is an acute, intense, brief reaction to stress which directly follow a traumatic event and last less than 4 months. POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER is the intense psychological reenactment of a traumatic event that may include nightmares, flashbacks and recurrent and painful memories. These may be so strong that a person may believe they are reliving the event.

23. POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER

24. MOOD OR AFFECTIVE DISORDER When a person experiences a severe disturbance of mood or emotional imbalance, we call the problem a MOOD OR AFFECTIVE DISORDER. There are two major types, DEPRESSION (Unipolar Disorder) and MANIC DEPRESSION (Bipolar Disorder

25. DEPRESSION

26. MANIC DEPRESSION

27. DEPRESSION When emotions are low and the individual is sad, hopeless, despondent and discouraged, often overcome with feelings of guilt or worthlessness, we call this MAJOR DEPRESSION. Other symptoms are becoming withdrawn, apathetic and unresponsive while losing physical stamina, weight and motivation. Many experience a diminished ability to think, concentrate or make decisions.

28. MAJOR DEPRESSION Charles Whitman—University of Texas At Austin Shooting, 1966

29. DEPRESSION DEPRESSION is the COMMON COLD OF MENTAL DISORDERS. More than a quarter million people are hospitalized every year with depression. The despondent mood, loss of interest and pleasure in activities and/or feelings of emptiness and worthlessness often lead to thoughts of suicide.

30. DEPRESSION

31. DEPRESSION Although SUICIDE is not a disorder, it can result from depression. Most people who commit suicide were depressed. Over 30,000 people commit suicide every year. For every successful suicide there are 10 or more attempts. Women are four times as likely to attempt suicide while men are four times as likely to commit suicide.

32. SUICIDE

33. MANIC-DEPRESSION DEPRESSION can occur alone as a UNIPOLAR DISORDER, or it can alternate with episodes of mania becoming MANIC-DEPRESSION, a BIPOLAR DISORDER. In MANIA the person's mood is elated and exuberant. Seemingly tireless the manic person can become restless and irritable in his overdrive state. Mania seldom occurs by itself. The exciter moods of mania generally swing to the listless moods of depression.

34. BIPOLAR DISORDER

35. BIPOLAR DISORDER I just HAD to include this one…

36. MANIC-DEPRESSION Manic-depressive persons in manic phase are euphoric, excited, and full of energy and may believe there is no limit to their possible accomplishments and act accordingly. Often manic-depressives are very successful in life but suffer extreme depressive mood swings that may lead to suicidal thoughts.

37. MANIC-DEPRESSION

38. SOMATOFORM DISORDERS SOMATOFORM DISORDERS are mental disturbances in which psychological problems take a physical (somatic) form, even though no physical cause may be found. Although the symptoms are not caused physically the pain or distress is real, not faked. These differ from Psychosomatic Diseases, genuine physical ailments caused in part by psychological factors such as ulcers and asthma that have a genuine organic basis.

39. SOMATOFORM DISORDERS

40. CONVERSION DISORDER The classic example, which Freud called HYSTERIA, is CONVERSION DISORDER in which the anxiety is "converted" into a physical loss or impairment of sensory or motor function. The person appears to be blind, deaf, paralyzed or unable to speak or feel pain. Although the physical problems have no underlying organic basis people suffering form conversion disorders are not MALINGERING (faking) their physical symptoms.

41. Freud and Conversion Disorder

42. HYPOCHONDRIASIS HYPOCHONDRIASIS is a pervasive fear of disease or illness. Hypochondriacs are always checking for symptoms of various diseases and searching for doctors that will agree with their self-diagnosis. Preoccupied with their bodies, hypochondriacs are obsessed with fear of a serious medical disease. Tiny alterations from normal make them believe they have contracted a disease.

43. Hypochondriacs

44. SOMATIZATION DISORDER A Somatization Disorder is marked by a long-standing history of diverse physical complaints that appear to be psychological in origin. While hypochondriacs fear illness persons suffering from SOMATIZATION DISORDER complain of specific physical symptoms. Common complaints are headaches, backaches, pain, dizziness, allergies, cramps, diarrhea, psycho-sexual problems, fatigue, painful menstruation, chest pain and missed heart beats. No organic cause can be found.

45. Somatization Disorder

46. DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS In DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS the afflicted person dissociates from or alters his consciousness or identity. Dissociative disorders are usually attempts to escape from excessive anxiety through memory loss such as AMNESIA, through a change of identity (FUGUE) or a dissociation of one part of the mind from another (MULTIPLE-PERSONALITY).

47. DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS

48. DISSOCIATIVE AMNESIA In PSYCHOGENIC (produced by the mind) AMNESIA individuals literally forget who they are along with the conflicts they are escaping. It is a selective amnesia. While they lose their sense of identify they do not forget their language or other intellectual skills.

49. AMNESIA

50. DISSOCIATIVE FUGUE FUGUE, "flight", is a special form of psychogenic amnesia in which the dissociated person not only loses his identity but actually flees to another location, beginning life anew with another identity.

51. FUGUE

52. MULTIPLE-PERSONALITY DISORDER MULTIPLE PERSONALITY is a rare but striking dissociative disorder in which two or more distinct personalities exist within one individual. Each personality has its own characteristics, memories, desires and relationships. Each identity speaks, writes and acts in a very different way. Personalities within the individual may be aware of the existence of the others. Generally shifts among personalities are stress-related, sudden and dramatic. When anxiety overwhelms or threatens one personality the multiple personality switches to another opposite personality that can handle the particular stress.

53. MULTIPLE-PERSONALITY DISORDER

54. MULTIPLE-PERSONALITY DISORDER Recent research contends that many issues presented by this disorder can give researchers a clue to sexual trauma or sexual abuse. The person suffering MPD creates a new personality for when the sexual abuse to “deal with” the sexual attack. In other words, they might say “it is not me that was hurt, it was ‘Jimmy’” and thus create another personality. Along the same line, many men will create women personalities and vice versa, due to the nature of the gender of their attacker.

55. MULTIPLE-PERSONALITY DISORDER

56. DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS All DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS provide a means of escape from anxiety and personal responsibility. Amnesia and fugue are usually precipitated by excessive stress and are a form of fantasy escape defense against stress. By losing one's memory one is no longer faced with obligations, severe conflicts, anxiety or guilt. A substantial number of people with multiple-personality disorder have a history of child abuse and rejection from parents.

57. A History Of Child Abuse

58. SEXUAL AND GENDER IDENTITY DISORDERS The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual includes a range of atypical sexual behaviors or problems of adjustment. Three major types are SEXUAL DESIRE DISORDERS, inhibited ability or desire to have satisfying sexual experience, GENDER IDENTITY DISORDERS involving our sense of maleness or femaleness and PARAPHILIAS, unusual and bizarre forms of sexual arousal.

59. GENDER IDENTITY DISORDERS

60. SEXUAL DESIRE DISORDERS Psychological factors such as fear or anxiety are considered to be the cause for most forms of SEXUAL DESIRE DISORDERS such as impotence and frigidity. Problems reaching orgasm are often linked to problems in the relationship, depression or self-consciousness. Sexual dysfunctions are common and often related to emotions but may be caused by physical factors such as fatigue, diabetes or resulting from medication or excessive use of alcohol.

61. SEXUAL DESIRE DISORDERS

62. GENDER IDENTITY DISORDERS GENDER IDENTITY DISORDERS develop in childhood or adolescence and involve our comfort with our maleness or femaleness. Persons who are TRANSSEXUALS want to be the opposite sex and feel trapped in the wrong body. They may undergo a sex-change operation to fulfill their desires. A homosexual prefers sexual relations with persons of his or her own sex. Formerly considered a psychosexual disorder in DSM-II, homosexuality was eliminated in the third edition as it was not found to be inherently harmful of self or others. However if one is distressed and anxious about his or her homosexuality, this is included in DSM-IV as EGO-DYSTRONIC HOMOSEXUALITY.

63. GENDER IDENTITY DISORDERS

64. PARAPHILIAS PARAPHILIAS are abnormal patterns of sexual arousal from unusual sources or objects including fetishism, exhibitionism, voyeurism, sadism, masochism, transvestism, rape and pedophilia.

65. Exhibitionism

66. PERSONALITY DISORDERS PERSONALITY DISORDERS are maladaptive personality styles that are developed early in life and are very resistant to change. They become styles of life including extreme and rigid personality traits that involve odd or eccentric behaviors, dramatic and impulsive behavior or fearful or anxious behavior. Generally people with personality disorders do not think they have a problem but often create problems for others and thereby can create social psychotic reactions.

67. PERSONALITY DISORDERS

68. ANXIOUS-FEARFUL CLUSTER The ANXIOUS-FEARFUL cluster includes efforts to control anxiety about social rejection. An AVOIDANT-PERSONALITY is sensitive to potential social rejection and socially withdraws in spite of real desire for acceptance from others. The DEPENDENT PERSONALITY reduces the possibility of rejection by passively allowing others to make decisions while subordinating one's needs to those of others.

69. DEPENDENT PERSONALITY

70. ANXIOUS-FEARFUL CLUSTER The PASSIVE-AGGRESSIVE PERSONALITY does not risk direct confrontation but indirectly resists through procrastinating, forgetting, lying or indirect methods. The OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE PERSONALITY copes with anxiety by imposing rigid rules and order to their lives and relationships to reduce anxiety.

71. PASSIVE-AGGRESSIVE PERSONALITY

72. ODD-ECCENTRIC CLUSTER People suffering from the ODD-ECCENTRIC cluster of personality disorders remain aloof, distrustful and shield themselves from the anxieties of interpersonal intimacy. The SCHIZOID PERSONALITY socially withdraws, has no close friendships and is indifferent to the feelings of others. The SCHIZOTYPAL PERSONALITY has bizarre beliefs, oddities in perception, speech and behaviors similar to the schizophrenic but not as severe.

73. ODD-ECCENTRIC Ted Kaczynski, the Unibomber

74. SCHIZOID PERSONALITY

75. SCHIZOTYPAL PERSONALITY

76. ODD-ECCENTRIC CLUSTER The PARANOID PERSONALITY shows pervasive and unwarranted mistrust of people, is oversensitive and suspicious, prone to jealousy.

77. PARANOID PERSONALITY

78. DRAMATIC-IMPULSIVE CLUSTER The DRAMATIC-IMPULSIVE cluster is divided. Histrionics and Narcissistics share a flare for over-dramatizing everything while borderline and antisocial personalities are marked by impulsiveness. The HISTRIONIC PERSONALITY is egocentric and seeks attention with overly dramatic expressions of emotion. Their emotions are exaggerated and may border on the hysterical.

79. HISTRIONIC PERSONALITY

80. DRAMATIC-IMPULSIVE CLUSTER People with a NARCISSISTIC PERSONALITY also thrive on attention. Feeling grandiosely self-important they demand special treatment and constant admiration while lacking empathy.

81. NARCISSISTIC PERSONALITY

82. DRAMATIC-IMPULSIVE CLUSTER The BORDERLINE PERSONALITY is unstable in their self-image, mood and interpersonal relationships and is therefore impulsive and unpredictable. The ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY fails to agree to social norms and violates the rights of others. They are often exploitative, using their intellect and social savvy to charm people to get their way or to use people for personal gain.

83. ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY John Wayne Gacy—Serial Killer

84. ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY Perhaps the most troubling of the PERSONALITY DISORDERS is the ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY as it is marked by chronic violation of the rights of others. Over 4% of the male population suffer from this disorder and are responsible for a large amount of violent crime as well as white-collar crime.

85. ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY Ted Bundy—Serial Killer

86. ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITIES are irresponsible, impulsive and often unscrupulous, callous, aggressive and often criminal. Antisocial people rarely feel guilt and lack an adequate conscience. They may seem to be quite appealing and charming when we first meet them as they are skilled at faking interest and affection so they can exploit people. Their lack of conscience allows them to seem carefree, socially at ease and stress-free.

87. ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY Richard Speck—Murdered Eight Nurses In Chicago

88. ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY While many end up in prison because of their amoral, callous and aggressive behavior, many antisocial personalities successfully channel their exploitative behavior within boundaries of the law becoming unprincipled, scheming, self-serving politicians, con artists, business executives, lawyers or even evangelists. 

89. ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY Herman Mudgett—Allegedly killed over 200 people in Chicago at the turn of the Century

90. ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY Their selfish, impulsive, irresponsible, manipulative behaviors make them unreliable, unfaithful, undependable and disloyal employees, mates, friends and parents. DSM-IV reports that this is a moderately common disorder affecting 1-3% of the population, mostly males. 

91. ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY Saddam Hussain

92. OBJECTIONS TO THE CLASSIFICATION OF MENTAL DISORDERS Perhaps the most prominent critic of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual is Thomas Szasz, famous for his 1960 article that proposed "The Myth of Mental Illness". Szasz argues that the concept of mental illness is not only inappropriate but also harmful.

93. Thomas Szasz He prefers to call the disorders "problems of living." By labeling problems as a "mental illness" we only stigmatize persons and place them in an inferior passive role as a "patient". Becoming a "patient" allows a person to turn over responsibility for a cure to a doctor and may inhibit their personal desire to improve.

94. Thomas Szasz

95. OBJECTIONS Other problems may occur in treatment as the "patient" tries to please the psychiatrist or hospital staff rather than find his or her own solution to the problem. We also all know that once labeled with a mental illness there is a social stigma attached. People look at mentally ill people differently and may avoid contact or discriminate against them in employment or friendships. The label itself may indeed do more harm than good argued Szasz.

96. Labeling People

97. OBJECTIONS Rosenhan lent experimental proof of Szasz's thesis that diagnostic labels create damaging preconceptions and cause us to judge and interpret the behavior of the "mentally ill" in destructive and potentially harmful ways. In his now classic study, "Being Sane in Insane Places", Rosenhan coached totally normal people to feign simple auditory hallucinations to see if they would be admitted to mental hospitals. They complained that they had heard "hollow", "empty" or "thud" in the past but felt fine now.

98. Being Sane in Insane Places

99. OBJECTIONS All the normal people were admitted to the mental hospital even though they showed no present symptoms and acted totally normal. All the "pseudo-patients" were diagnosed as "schizophrenic" but one who received the label of "manic-depressive."

100. Being Sane in Insane Places David Rosenhan—Being Sane in Insane Places

101. OBJECTIONS The staff treated them according to their label, giving them medication and interpreting their behavior of taking notes as suspicious activity. The volunteers felt dehumanized and degraded and found that staff avoided eye contact and rarely interacted with them. None detected their fake status and they had difficulty getting released from the hospital. Rosenhan gave credence to the idea that labels can be very damaging.