Regimes in LDCs

1. Regimes in LDCs • Less stable, more diverse compared to RDs • Politics = conflict more likely to be violent • Institutions = more fragile • Policies = more erratic • Authoritarian developmental (AD; South Korea, Taiwan) • Development + improved citizen capability • Authoritarian predatory (AP; Nigeria, Zaire (DRC)) • No development, no capability • Developmental democracies (DD; Chile, Costa Rica, Mauritius) • Development + improved citizen capability • Fragmented democracies (FD; Brazil, India, Philippines) • Some development + some citizen capability

2. AD: Politics • Geography, politics • Powerful enemies • Threat of internal unrest • Absence of natural resources • Incentives to promote economic development, share wealth • Nationalism, anticommunism • Support in key constituencies • Entrepreneurs/capitalists • Farmers • Workers paid cost of industrialization; over time enjoyed more benefits

3. AD: Policies • Rapid industrialization; competitiveness • Import substitution industrialization (ISI) • Manufacture for export, Export-oriented industrialization (EOI) • Not market capitalism model • Japan’s state-led development model

4. AD: Institutions • Centralized political system (power concentrated in small elite; executive) • Legislatures, courts, local government not effective check • Strong, coherent state • Effective policy implementation • Officials autonomous, competent, professional • Close relationship to business community • Institutions devoted to legitimation and security • Elections • Schools, media • Security, repression

5. AP: Politics • No economic, no human development • Little incentive • Plagued by ethnic, linguistic, regional conflicts • Class interests submerged • Narrow coalitions -- ethnic, linguistic, regional loyalties • Clientelism = patron gives client favors for support • Divide and rule; intimidation • Clientelist politicians • Narrow, geographically defined constituencies • Patronage to supporters • Most get little benefit

6. AP: Policies • Goal of leaders = enrich themselves, families, followers • Economic development – concentrate wealth in elite hands • ISI  accumulation of wealth by leaders • Human development policies (education, health care) opportunities for making money • School, clinic construction – kickbacks, graft

7. AP: institutions • Weak states – no capacity, autonomy • Political parties – no clear policy goals • Weak legislatures • Corrupt bureaucracies • State unable to deliver basic goods and services • Inadequate infrastructure • Limited protection of property rights • Inefficient firms protected • Inefficient management of foreign investment, aid

8. Authoritarian regimes • Why are some developmental (AD), others predatory (AP)? (see Table 8.1, 225) • Incentives leaders have to build broad/narrow coalitions • Quality of state institutions for implementing policies • Kinds of groups and social classes for coalitions of support

9. DD: Politics • Democracy, economic growth, and human development; mutually reinforcing • Consolidating democracy  convincing social groups/classes they benefit from democracy • Meet needs of poor; do not threaten interests of wealthier groups • Trade-offs  broad-based social democratic political parties, federations of labor and business, capable, coherent state bureaucracies • Compromise  political influence to agricultural workers, small farmers, and urban workers

10. DD: Policies • Strong social democratic parties • Capitalist economic growth, substantial safety nets • Minimal state ownership • Growth with equity • Export-led growth, integration into global market • Substantial social welfare programs • Strengthened labor union bargaining power • Increased citizens’ capability

11. DD: Institutions • Stable, broad-based political parties • Capable, coherent state bureaucracies • Parties appeal to broad groups of voters through policies that promote growth with equity • Broad-based labor and business federations • Represent workers and businesses in most sectors • Strong, autonomous states • Implement policies favoring broad categories of population • Bureaucracies with capable officials; coherent, successful policy-making, implementation

12. FD: Politics • Fragmented political parties, interest associations, states • Large inequalities in wealth, power, citizen capability; large and diverse populations • Politicians appeal to upper income groups • Clientelism inhibits peasants and workers • Rulers engage in identity politics • Politicians engage in populism • Governments target benefits to privileged groups, organized workers • Local elites manipulate elections

13. FD: policies • Benefits go to wealthier business people, union leaders, large farmers, middle class • ISI protects businesses; gives subsidies to large farmers • Educational, health care, retirement, unemployment geared to upper- and middle-classes • Policies biased toward urban middle-class and wealthy, some improvements in lives of poor

14. FD: institutions • Fragmented political institutions • Multiple political parties, interest groups, federal systems • Parties rely on patronage, appeals to racial and ethnic identity • Legislators focus on pork barrel projects, local benefits • Fragmentation within state prevents implementation of coherent programs

15. Democratic Regimes • Why some developmental (DD), others fragmented (FD)? (Table 8.4, 236) • Incentives leaders have for broad/narrow coalitions • Quality of state institutions for implementing policies • Groups and social classes for coalitions of support • Political parties, interest groups broad-based or fragmented

16. Comparing capability • Physical well-being • AD/DD > FD > AP (Table 8.5, 237; Table 8.6, 238) • Informed decision-making • AD > DD > FD > AP (Table 8.7, 239) • Safety • AD > DD > FD > AP (Table 8.8, 240) • Civil and political rights • DD > FD > AD > AP (Table 8.9, 241)