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BLOOD

BLOOD. 一、 CONSTRUCTION. Plasma ( I.M. ) : 55% Hemocytes( cells ) ：45% erythrocytes leucocytes blood platelets * hematocrit(packed red cell volume, 红细胞压积 ): 45%. Plasma. Leucocytes & Platelets. Erythrocyte. * using anticoagulants. serum.

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BLOOD

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  1. BLOOD

  2. 一、CONSTRUCTION Plasma (I.M.) : 55% Hemocytes(cells)：45% erythrocytes leucocytes blood platelets * hematocrit(packed red cell volume,红细胞压积): 45% Plasma Leucocytes & Platelets Erythrocyte *using anticoagulants

  3. serum Blood clots components same as that of plasma but fibrinogen Serum 1. Plasma 90% water albumin 10% others : fibrinogen • plasma pr. enzymes Ig. etc. • Lipid • hormones • Vitamins • inorganic salts • metabolites

  4. blood smear stains • w/ Wright or Giemsa 瑞特氏染色（Wright’s stain） 、基姆萨染色（Giemsa ）等。 伊红 染液组成 O2 美蓝 天青 可显示: 嗜酸性结构 嗜碱性结构 中性结构 嗜天青结构

  5. blood smear Erythrocytes Leukocytes Platelets

  6. BLOOD CELLS Erythrocytes:4.2～5.5×1012/L(M) 3.5～5.0×1012/L(F) *Hb:120～150g/L(M)；105～135g/L(F) Leukocytes: 4～10×109/L neutrophils 50～70% Granulocytes eosinophils 0.5～3 % basophils 0～1% Agranulocytes lymphocytes 20～30% monocytes 3～8% Platelets: 100～300×109/L

  7. Erythrocyte • biconcave discs， 7.5～8.5μm，flexible • no nuclei，no organelles • rich in Hb：105～150g/L • blood group (ABO; Rh…):

  8. 扫描 电镜

  9. PLASMALEMMA 质膜 血影蛋白 SPECTRIN ACTIN FILAMENTS 肌动蛋白丝 RBC CYTOSKELETON

  10. CO2+HbO2 HbCO2+O2 Function Binding & transporting O2and CO2 In lungs In organs & tissues

  11. Pathology • Anemia：R.B.C < 3×1012/L or Hb< 100g/L megaloblastic anemia(巨细胞贫血) : >9 μm iron deficiency anemia: (缺铁性贫血)<6 μm • Osmotic stress abnormal: hypotonic(低滲): RBC swelling ＆hemolysis (remain ghost血影)； hypertonic (高滲): RBC collapsing

  12. Reticulocytes • 0.5～1.5% • containing ribosomes & Mit. (stained by brilliant cresyl blue) • increase in anemia • Indicator of hematopo- ietic capacity of the bone marrow.

  13. Leukocytes • Spherical, nucleate & colorless • Contain specific or nonspecific gralules • Amoeboid movement • Phagocytosis except for lymphocytes • Involved in defense against foreign materials

  14. Leukocytes: 4～10×109/L neutrophil 50 ～70% Granulocyte eosinophil 0.5～3 % basophil 0 ～1% Agranulocyte lymphocyte 20 ～30% monocyte 3 ～8%

  15. A. Neutrophils • D=10～12μm; • Nuclear: polymorphous 2～5 lobes increase w/ the age of the cells. • Specific Granules: 80%, fine (0.3～0.4μm ) neutrophilic (light reddish) • Azurophilic granules: 20%, larger, purple (嗜天青颗粒)

  16. E.M. • S.G.: medium-dense containing A.K.P, phagocytins lysozymes • A.G.: lysosomes containing A.C.P. peroxidase

  17. Function • Mobility(chemotaxis): Attracted by polymorpho- nuclear chemotactic factor (released by macrophages) • Phagocytose & destroy bacteria: the number of leukocytes↑ acute the % of neutrophils↑bacteria infection ** cell mark: peroxidase and CD15

  18. B.Eosinophilis • D = 10～15μm; • Nu.: 2 ～5 lobes • S.G.: uniformity, large (0.5～1.0μm ), bright red or orange (acidophilic)

  19. E.M. • S.G.:ovoid, w/ granule matrix & aelongated crystalloid core • Containing:acid phosphatase, peroxidase, histaminase.

  20. Function • Chemotaxis: attracted by chemotactic factor from the mast cells • Phagocytize: foreign bodies, Ag-Ab complex • Release histaminase: inactivate histamine for weakening allergic reaction • Antiparasite * It is increased in patients infected w/ allergic reaction or parasite

  21. C. Basophilics • D = 10 ～ 12μm • Nucleus: irregular or S-shaped • S.G.:large (various size), basophilic (dark blue), cover nuclear, distribute unevenly & metachromasia

  22. EM & FN • E.M.: S.G. w/ fine grains, containing heparin, histamine, leukotriene • F.N.: anticoagulate responsible to allergic reaction

  23. D. Monocytes • Largest, 14～20μm, bluish-grey staining • Nu.: kidney- or horseshoe-shaped w/ delicate net-like Chromatin • Cytoplasm: abundant, gray blue, w/fine azurophilicgranules

  24. E.M : A.G.: lysosomes (peroxidase, A.C.P., non-specific esterase); Phagocytic vacuoles F.N. : • amoeboid movement & obvious chemotaxis • Phagocytosis (mono- nuclear phagocytic system, MPS) • differentiate into macrophage (out B.V.) **mark: CD14

  25. E.Lymphocytes • 3 types: small 6～8μm; medium-sized 9～12μm; large 13～20μm • Small lymphocyte(90%): LM: Round or ovoid; Nu.:sphericity w/ indentation, condensed chromatin, dark staining. Cytoplasm:scanty, as a thin rim in light-blue w/ azurophilic granules lacking peroxidase

  26. Large lymphocyte medium lymphocyte small lymphocyte

  27. Classification & Function Classification* function# T-Cell: 75% cellular immunity B-Cell: 10-15% humoral immunity large granule lymphocyte (K & NK cell) * based on the source, characteristics on cellular membrane, life & function # immunological defence

  28. Blood platelets • Megakaryocyte’ s fragment, in clumps • LM: 2～4μm，disc-like or irregular, anucleated. Two regions: ① Granulomere: centrally- located, purple-blue granules. ② Hyalomere: peripherally located, in light-blue.

  29. E.M.: ① cell coat: rich in GAG & glycoproteins associated to platelet adhesion; ②M.T. system: a. opening tubule system: to increase the surface area for platelet adhesion. b. dense tubule system: sER , support, collect Ca 2+ and synthesize prostaglandin

  30. ③actin-like M.F: mobile. ④granules: a. αgranules(special granules): containing blood clotting factors (12 types found so far), fibrinogen & acidic hydrolases. b. dense granules:serotonin (5-HT), ADP, ATP, Ca2+ & adrenine

  31. Function 1.Hemostasia: collagenous fiber in injure area platelet release serotonin contraction of b.v. slow & stop bleeding. 2.Coagulation:thrombogen coagulation factor III thrombase Fibrinogen Fibrin hemocyte coagulation 3.Protect blood vessel endothelium, repairing endothelium, prevent atherosclerosis(动脉硬化)

  32. 二、Hematopoiesis • Hematopoietic organ yolk sac （early embryo) →Liver / spleen (6w—5m)→bone marrow (4m and after) • Structure of bone marrow red bone marrow: hematopoietic tissue + blood sinusoid yellow bone marrow: adipose tissue + immature hemocyte

  33. Red bone marrow • hematopoietic tissue: reticular c.t.+hemocytes in various stage, macrophages, adipocytes, mesenchymal cells • blood sinusoid: discontinuous endothelia, incomplete BM

  34. Hemopoietic stem cell (HSP) and Hemopoietic progenitor cell (HPC) Hemopoietic stem cell self-replication powerful proliferation potency multi-differentiation Potency Mark:CD34, CDw90 Hemopoietic progenitor c. Unipotential or bipotential Produce mature blood c. Erythron granulocyte series monocyte series megakaryocyteseries * Lymphocytes derived from lymphatic organs & tissues

  35. Pb:原红 Be:早幼红 晚幼红 Pe:中幼红 Erythrocyte series

  36. Mb:原粒 Pm:早幼粒 Mb M,Ma,Mb:中幼粒 M1：晚幼粒 Neutrophilic series

  37. Morphologic criteria of haemopoiesis ① Stages: the original stage the infant stage the mature stage② Cell volume:↓, megakaryocytes:↑ ③ cytoplasm: ↑，ratio of Nu./ cytoplasm:↓

  38. ④ Nucleus: size↓(RBC: abesent; megakaryocytes↑） nucleoli: number & size↓, until disappear chromatin: fine & scanty → coarse & dense; staining: pale → deep ⑤ S.G in granulocytes & Hbin erythrocytes:↑ other organelles in red cell↓until disappear ⑥ mitotic ability:↓, until disappear（but lymphocyte)

  39. Question

  40. BYE BYE

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