1. Hookworm Ancylostoma duodenale and Necatoramericanus

2. Brief Overview • Parasitic nematode (roundworm) • Ancylostomaduodenale and Necatoramericanus • ½ inch adult worm • Soil transmitted helminthiasis (STH) • World’s leading cause of anemia

3. Prevalence • Currently 740 million people are infected • Around 1/8th of world’s population • School-aged children, women of reproductive age, and pregnant women • Tropics and Subtropics • Closely linked to poverty

5. Infection Pathway Within body: Blood stream Heart Lungs Small Intestine Eggs released

6. Life Stages • L3 • Adult worm

8. Symptoms • Often asymptomatic • Rash at site of worm entry • Abdominal Pain • Diarrhea • Bloody stool and sputum • Loss of appetite and emaciation

9. Long-term effects • Anemia • Especially in school aged children and pregnant women • Protein malnutrition • Growth retardation and mental impairment • Reduction in future wage earnings

10. Prevention and Treatment • Improved sanitation and education • Covered latrines • Proper removal of human waste • Proper clothing • Medicinal treatments • Albendazole and Mebendazole

11. Vaccine Development • Human Hookworm Vaccine Initiative • Create a safe, affordable, multivalent recombinant vaccine • Na-ASP-2 larval stage antigen • Na-GST-1 and Na-APR-1 adult hookworm antigens • Possibility of combining Na-GST-1 and Na-APR-1 • Issues due to lack of commercial market and lack of distribution strategies • Drug will not be fully developed for many years

12. References • http://www.oneworldhealth.org/sth • http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/dpdx/html/hookworm.htm • http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/dpdx/html/ImageLibrary/Hookworm_il.htm • http://www.who.int/vaccine_research/diseases/soa_parasitic/en/index2.html • http://www.sflorg.com/sciencenews/scn092506_04.html  • http://www.stanford.edu/class/humbio153/HookwormVac/Background.html • http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/X3910E/X3910E21.htm • http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/b/bf/Hookworms.JPG