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Tutorials

Tutorials. Glycolysis Pentose phosphate pathway Glucose-6-phosphate-biochemical intersections Pyruvate-lactate Phosphorylases, phosphatases, kinases Cyclic AMP and hormonal action Insights into regulation Energy in metabolism. Krebs Cycle. Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle. Citric Acid Cycle.

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Tutorials

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  1. Tutorials • Glycolysis • Pentose phosphate pathway • Glucose-6-phosphate-biochemical intersections • Pyruvate-lactate • Phosphorylases, phosphatases, kinases • Cyclic AMP and hormonal action • Insights into regulation • Energy in metabolism

  2. Krebs Cycle Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle Citric Acid Cycle All Mean the Same

  3. Features Acetyl-CoA enters forming citrate Citrate is oxidized and decarboxylated 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1 GTP are formed Oxaloacetate returns to form citrate

  4. 6 4 5 Cycle Intermediates More Reduced More Oxidized CO2 CO2 Citrate a-ketoglutarate Succinyl-CoA cis-Aconotate Succinate Isocitrate Fumarate Malate Oxaloacetate

  5. CARBON BALANCE CH3C S-CoA ~ O CO2 CO2 4 Oxaloacetate 6 Citrate 2 carbons in 2 carbons out 4 Malate Isocitrate 6 4 Fumarate 5 a-ketoglutarate 4 4 Succinate Succinyl-CoA

  6. Reactions of Acetyl-CoA Split here H CH3-C~S-CoA H C-C~S-CoA O O .. HS-CoA Carbanion S-CoA C=O H2C COO COO C=O C-OH Citrate Synthase CH2 CH2 (a lyase) COO COO O- Citroyl-CoA OAA Citrate H Acetylations or Acylations

  7. CH3-C~SCoA COO- O COO- C=O -OOC -CH2- C-OH CH2 CH2 COO- COO- HS-CoA CH2COO- Acetyl-CoA HO-C-COO- CH2COO- Citrate Synthase Oxaloacetate (OAA) Citric Acid or Citrate

  8. CH2COO- CH2COO- CH2COO- HO-C-COO- C-COO- H-C-COO- H C-COO- H-C-COO- HO-C-COO- H H Isocitrate Formation -H2O +H2O cis-Aconitate Isocitrate Citrate Aconitase

  9. COO- CO2 CH2 CH2 CH2COO- C=O NAD+ NADH + H+ H-C-COO- COO- HO-C-COO- H Isocitrate -Ketoglutarate Isocitrate Dehydrogenase

  10. COO- CH2 COO- CH2 CH2 C=O CH2 COO- C~SCoA CO2 O -Ketoglutarate NAD+ FAD Lipoic acid HS-CoA TPP Succinyl-CoA -Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase Complex

  11. Thioester bond energy conserved as GTP Pi COO- + CH2 COO- GDP GTP CH2 CH2 CH2 HS-CoA C~SCoA COO- O Succinate Succinyl-CoA Succinyl-CoA Synthetase

  12. COO- COO- COO- CH2 CH2 COO- CH2 CH2 COO- COO- COO- COO- COO- C=O C=O CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 COO- CH2 COO- COO- Dicarboxylic Acids Oxalate Glutarate Malonate Succinate Oxaloacetate -Ketoglutarate

  13. FADH2 FAD NAD+ NADH + H+ COOH COOH COOH COOH C C C H C=O OH H C C C H C COOH COOH COOH COOH H2O Succinate Fumarate Malate Oxaloacetate

  14. Pyruvate carboxylase Pyruvate dehydrogenase

  15. Amino Acids that Become Kreb Cycle Intermediates Anaplerotic Reactions (To fill) a-ketoacids are analogues of a-amino acids

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