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Movement and Directional Terms

This guide explores fundamental movement and directional terms essential for understanding human anatomy. It covers key concepts such as flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, as well as internal and external rotation. Learn how these movements occur in different planes and at various joints, with examples from everyday anatomy. Clear definitions are provided for terms like anterior, posterior, medial, lateral, inferior, superior, distal, and proximal, helping you grasp their significance in relation to the body’s orientation.

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Movement and Directional Terms

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  1. Movement and Directional Terms

  2. Flexion Vs. Extension • Flexion – • decreasing joint • Extension – • increasing joint • What plane do these movements take place in? • At which joints can F/E occur? • At which joints can hyperextension occur?

  3. Abduction Vs. Adduction • Abduction – • away from midline • Adduction – • towards midline • What plane do these movements take place in? • At which joints can Ab/Ad occur? • What is it called in the wrist, neck, and ankle?

  4. Internal Vs. External Rotation • Internal Rotation – • towards midline • External Rotation – • away from midline • Which joints can perform these movements? • What is it called in the neck? • Was is it called at the radioulnar joint?

  5. Anterior Vs. Posterior • Anterior – • front • Posterior – • back • Also refers to an ‘aspect’ of the body. • Nose is on the anterior aspect of the body. • My Quad muscle is to my hamstring muslces. • My tricep is to my bicep brachii. • My pectoralis major is anterior to my abs? • My trapezius is posterior to my glutes.

  6. Medial Vs. Lateral • Medial – • towards midline • Lateral – • away from midline • Aspect: • Arms are on the lateral aspect. • My fibula is to my tibia. • My belly button is to my hip bone. • My adductor longus is medial to my adductor brevis? • My left arm is lateral to my right arm?

  7. Inferior Vs. Superior • Inferior – • below • Superior – • above • My shoulders are to my hips. • My ankles are to my knees. • My right iliac crest is inferior to my left iliac crest? • My sternum is superior to my thoracic spine?

  8. Distal Vs. Proximal • **Only used for extremities, and rarely head.** • Distal – • further from trunk • Proximal – • closer to trunk • My wrist is to my elbow. • My hamstring is to my calf muscle. • My spleen is distal to my pancreas? • My eyes are proximal to my mouth?

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