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Semester 1 Exam Review

Semester 1 Exam Review. Section 1. Chapter 10. Cell Growth & Division. 1. How does cell growth occur?. the cell increases in size by producing more cells (dividing). 2. What factors limit & control cell growth?. when cells come in contact with other cells they stop growing

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Semester 1 Exam Review

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  1. Semester 1Exam Review Section 1

  2. Chapter 10 Cell Growth & Division

  3. 1. How does cell growth occur? • the cell increases in size • by producing more cells (dividing)

  4. 2. What factors limit & control cell growth? • when cells come in contact with other cells they stop growing • when cells are too large… • DNA overload • it takes too long for materials to diffuse across the membrane • volume increases faster than surface area (highway 280)

  5. 3. What are the consequences of uncontrolled cell growth? • cancer

  6. 4. What is the cell cycle? • period from the beginning of one mitosis to the next mitosis • interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis

  7. 5. What are chromosomes made of? • DNA & protein

  8. 6. How many total chromosomes are in a human body cell? 46 How many pairs? 23

  9. 7. How many total chromosomes are in a human gamete? • 23

  10. 8. Briefly list what happens during interphase of the cell cycle. • G1 phase – growth and development • S phase – DNA replication and proteins synthesized • G2 phase – organelles needed for cell division (mitosis) are made

  11. 9. Briefly list what happens during eaach phase of mitosis and draw a cell with 4 chromosomes to represent the phase.

  12. #9 continued. Cytokinesis – division of the cytoplasm

  13. 10. Draw a double chromosome and label the centromere and chromatids Sister chromatids centromere

  14. 11. Differentiate between chromatin and chromosomes. • Chromatin – chromosomes with grainy appearance in the cell nucleus when the cell is not dividing. • Chromosomes – distinct bodies when they become visible during prophase

  15. 12. Define and give the function of the spindle fibers. • Spindle fiber – structures which attach to the sister chromatids to move them around in the cell.

  16. 13. List the difference between how plant and animal cells divide during cytokinesis. • Plant – forms a cell plate in the middle of the cell which will become the cell wall • Animal – cell pinches inward

  17. 14. In what type of cell does mitosis take place? • body cells or somatic cells

  18. Chapter 11 Introduction to Genetics

  19. Meiosis

  20. 1. Male reproductive organ - Sperm are produced in it • testes

  21. 2. The process in which 2 reproductive cells fuse to form a cell which develops into the new organism • fertilization

  22. 3. Chromosomes which are alike – have the same line up of genes - they look alike • homologous

  23. 4. The type of reproduction in which 2 reproductive cells fuse to form a cell which develops into a new organism • sexual

  24. 5. Any sexual reproductive cell (male or female) • gamete

  25. 6. Female reproductive cell • egg

  26. 7. A group of 4 chromosomes which will be produced during meiosis when doubled homologous chromosomes move together • tetrad

  27. 8. Two sets of chromosomes – there will be 2 genes for each trait • diploid

  28. 9. Cell formed from the fusion of 2 gametes – can be a fertilized egg • zygote

  29. 10. One complete set of chromosomes – contains all the genes for the organism • haploid

  30. 11. Male reproductive organ in plants • stamen • omit for exam review

  31. 12. Cell division in which the chromosome number is reduced to ½ the number in the original cell. New cells formed will have a haploid number of chromosomes. • meiosis

  32. 13. Female reproductive organ – eggs are produced in it • ovary

  33. 14. Name for process in which homologous chromosomes move together • synapsis

  34. 15. Cells formed after the second meiosis cell division in females which are small & die • polar bodies

  35. 16. Male reproductive cell in plants – contains sperm • pollen grains • omit for exam review

  36. 17. Male reproductive cell • sperm

  37. 18. Somatic cells (body cells) divide by what process? • mitosis

  38. 19. homozygous round dominant seeds X homozygous wrinkled seeds (shape)Gene symbols R - round r - wrinkledGenotypes of parents RR X rr

  39. Heterozygous yellow seeds X heterozygous yellow seedsGene symbols Y – yellow y – greenGenotypes of parents: Yy X Yy

  40. 21. Heterozygous tall plants X homozygous short plant (height)Gene symbols T = tall t = shortGenotypes of parents: Tt X tt

  41. 22. hybrid genotype • Gg

  42. 23. homozygous genotype • gg

  43. 24. phenotype • yellow

  44. 25. gene symbol for a dominant gene • G

  45. 26. gene symbol for a recessive trait • g

  46. 27. heterozygous genotype • Gg

  47. 28. 2 parents with heterozygous genotypes • Gg X Gg

  48. 29. 2 parents with homozygous genotypes • GG X gg

  49. 30. genotype for a recessive trait • gg

  50. 31. TT x TT • genotypic ratio: • 1:0:0 • phenotypic ratio: • all tall • 1:0

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