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Understanding Earthquakes and Volcanoes: Key Concepts in Geology

This review covers essential geology concepts related to earthquakes and volcanoes. Key topics include definitions of faults and epicenters, the elastic rebound hypothesis, seismic wave characteristics, and the continental drift theory proposed by Wegener. It explains plate tectonics, including different types of plate boundaries—transform, divergent, and convergent. Additionally, it discusses volcanic types, magma characteristics, and the formation of geologic structures like plutons. This summary aims to enhance understanding of geological processes and their implications.

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Understanding Earthquakes and Volcanoes: Key Concepts in Geology

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Presentation Transcript

  1. Semester Exam Review 2014

  2. A fault is ____.

  3. a fracture in the Earth where movement has occurred

  4. An earthquake’s epicenter is ____.

  5. the place on the surface directly above the focus

  6. The hypothesis that explains the release of energy during an earthquake is called the ____.

  7. elastic rebound hypothesis

  8. Which seismic waves travel most rapidly?

  9. P waves

  10. Which one of the following statements is true about P waves?

  11. They travel faster than S waves.

  12. A seismogram shows that P waves travel ____.

  13. faster than S waves

  14. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of S waves?

  15. They temporarily change the volume of material by compression and expansion.

  16. Wegener’s continental drift hypothesis stated that all the continents once joined together to form ____.

  17. one major supercontinent

  18. The supercontinent in the continental drift hypothesis was called ____.

  19. Pangaea

  20. What hypothesis states that the continents were once joined to form a single supercontinent?

  21. continental drift

  22. Which of the following statements correctly describes the asthenosphere?

  23. It permits plate motion.

  24. In the plate tectonics theory, the lithosphere is divided into ____.

  25. 7 major plates and many smaller plates

  26. What kind of plate boundary occurs where two plates grind past each other without destroying or producing lithosphere?

  27. transform fault boundary

  28. A divergent boundary at two oceanic plates can result in a ____.

  29. rift valley

  30. What type of boundary occurs where two plates move together, causing one plate to descend into the mantle beneath the other plate?

  31. convergent boundary

  32. New ocean crust is formed at ____.

  33. divergent boundaries

  34. Which of the following results when divergence occurs between two oceanic plates?

  35. seafloor spreading

  36. An example of a divergent plate boundary on continental lithosphere would be ____.

  37. the East African Rift Valley

  38. The Hawaiian Islands were formed when the Pacific Plate moved over ____.

  39. a hot spot

  40. Highly explosive volcanoes tend to have what type of magma?

  41. magma with high silica, high viscosity, and higher gas content

  42. What type of volcano is built almost entirely from ejected lava fragments?

  43. cinder cone

  44. The broad, slightly dome-shaped volcanoes of Hawaii are ____.

  45. shield volcanoes

  46. A volcano that is fairly symmetrical and has both layers of lava and pyroclastic deposits is a ____.

  47. composite cone volcano

  48. Structures that form from the cooling and hardening of magma beneath Earth’s surface are ____.

  49. plutons

  50. The largest intrusive igneous body is called a ____.

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