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Nationalism and its Opponents

Nationalism and its Opponents. Kidner Ch 22, pp. 644-651. Changing definition of nationalism – late 1800s More exclusionary & more aggressive Perceived struggle between nations Feared domination of one nation-state over another Focus on who didn’t belong in the nation

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Nationalism and its Opponents

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  1. Nationalism and its Opponents Kidner Ch 22, pp. 644-651

  2. Changing definition of nationalism – late 1800s • More exclusionary & more aggressive • Perceived struggle between nations • Feared domination of one nation-state over another • Focus on who didn’t belong in the nation • National / racial birth right Integral Nationalism

  3. Scientific Racism • Race believed to be a “biological reality”, an “object of study” • Social Darwinism – “survival of the fittest” • Three Races of 19th century: European, “Negroid”, Asian • Discuss Chamberlain doc Racism Nott and Gliddon'sIndigenous races of the earth (1857) used misleading imagery to suggest that "Negroes" ranked between "whites" and chimpanzees. Note the different angles at which the "white" and "Negro" skulls are positioned. Nott and Gliddon's work is considered one of the classics of scientific racism.

  4. Judaism is a RACE – one is Jewish by birth not by practicing the Jewish religion • Jewish Stereotypes • Domineering in banking & commerce • Dishonest • Corrupting influence on journalism, lawyers, doctors • Discuss causes of growing Anti-Semitism with your partner Wilhelm Marr Antisemitism Anti-Semitic portrayal of a Jewish man

  5. Alfred Dreyfus, Jewish capt. in army - accused of spying for Germany • From Alsace – family left when Prussia took the territory • Convicted of treason and sent to Devil’s Island Prison • The French public questioned his conviction • Why? Evidence gathered shows innocent - points to Major Esterhazy --- but army won’t reopen the case • Family asks help of Emile Zola’s - open letter - J’accuse • Dreyfus in prison until 1898 • Country split!!! Church / Army vs. Jews / Radicals • called back to France for retrial – 1899 pardoned • 1906 exonerated • Results • Republicans / Socialists – block anti-republicans • Promote Anti-clericalism (because were vs. Dreyfus) • Republic survives --- up to 1914 Dreyfus Affair

  6. Theodor Herzl • Reaction to mounting anti-Semitism as made clear in the Dreyfus affair • Creation of a Jewish Nation State in Palestine (today Israel) • Discuss Herzl docs Zionism

  7. Pope Pius IX Pope Leo XIII • Syllabus of Errors, 1864 • De Rerum Novarum, 1891 Universalism in the Roman Catholic Church

  8. First and Second Socialist Internationals (1864, 1889) • Marxist socialists (for the most part) • International solidarity; NO WAR; BUT each country would have to create its own socialist organizations (i.e. Russian Socialist Revolutionaries or Social Democratic Party of Germany) • Discuss docs Internationalism in Politics

  9. Anarchism • Destruction of existing social, political and economic institutions in order to pave the way for a society built around voluntary participation • Mihkail Bakunin – advocated the use of terrorism and assassination to achieve goals (see list of world political figures killed during this time pg. 651) Internationalism in Politics

  10. Pacifism • Mounting fear of technology and weapons • Redirect the enormous military budgets toward public works, housing and education • Baroness Bertha von Suttner • Alfred Nobel • Nobel Peace Prize • Geneva Conventions, 1899 • rules of war • Hague conferences & tribunals, 1899-1907 • international diplomatic arbitration • Discuss doc Internationalism in Politics

  11. Ottoman Empire Strains in Multinational Empires

  12. Russian Empire Strains in Multinational Empires

  13. Austro-Hungarian Empire Strains in Multinational Empires

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