1 / 18

Intelligence and Intelligence Testing

Intelligence and Intelligence Testing. Definitions of intelligence: Terman: the ability to carry on abstract thinking. Wechsler: The capacity of an individual to act purposefully and think rationally and to deal effectively with the environment. Definitions continued.

yelena
Télécharger la présentation

Intelligence and Intelligence Testing

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Intelligence and Intelligence Testing Definitions of intelligence: Terman: the ability to carry on abstract thinking. Wechsler: The capacity of an individual to act purposefully and think rationally and to deal effectively with the environment.

  2. Definitions continued • Burt: innate general cognitive ability • Robinson & Robinson: All of the knowledge a person has acquired. • Piaget: a basic life function that helps the organism (person) to adapt to its environment.

  3. Major Questions • Is intelligence a general characteristic? • Intelligence conceptualized as products that arise from activity or the processes people use to solve problems? • How stable is intelligence? • What do IQ scores predict? • What factors influence IQ scores?

  4. Origins of Intelligence Testing • Alfred Binet (psychologist) and Theodore Simon (physician) in France, 1904 • Requested to identify children who needed special instruction • Devised a test that examined a variety of cognitive tasks (e.g., carry out multiple instructions, identify the missing part of a picture, remember a string of random digits, etc.)

  5. Post Binet & Simon • Lewis Terman (at Stanford) modified the Binet-Simon scales to create the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale • David Wechsler developed tests both for adults and for children (e.g., WISC…) • Raven’s Progressive Matrices were designed to assess reasoning about perceptual patterns…

  6. Calculating IQ • William Stern (Germany) developed concept of IQ, in which IQ=(MA/CA)*100 • Now use “deviation IQ” based on the normal distribution… • Tests evaluate verbal and nonverbal abilities.

  7. Achievement Tests • IQ Test: underlying competence • Achievement Test: performance • Is this distinction realistic?

  8. Is IQ a stable attribute? • Infant IQ predicting later IQ? • Preschool IQ predicting later IQ? • Validity of IQ test? • IQ and grades in school • IQ and amount of schooling

  9. Limitations of IQ tests • Cannot tell us about a fixed underlying intellectual capacity • Do not measure other skills important to adaptive living.

  10. Terman study (1922) • Stereotypes of the “gifted child”? • 1500 California school children with IQ’s 140 or higher.

  11. How do we explain IQ differences? • Twin studies and adoption studies. • Bouchard & McGue (1981). • Identical twins reared together .85 • Identical twins reared apart .67 • Fraternal twins reared together .58 • Siblings .24 • What does this data suggest?

  12. Adoption Studies • Texas Adoptiin Study (Loehlin et al.,1994) • Minnesota Transracial Adoption study (Scarr et al., 1993) Texas Minnesota biological mother .44 .29 adoptive mother .03 .14 adoptive father .06 .08

  13. Capron & Duyme, 1989 Adoptive parent High Low Biological High 119.60 107.50 Parent Low 103.60 92.40

  14. Environmental Influences • National US study: n=50,000 children; SB IQ scores • Family characteristics associated with IQ? • Family climate • Number of children in the family • Birth order • Zajonc: intellectual climate

  15. Interaction of heredity and environment • Reaction range • Normal range of environments

More Related