Disaster and Crisis

1. Disaster and Crisis Planning and Management

2. Planning and Preparing Logistical Planning • Federal • State • City • District • Staff • Students • Parents • Volunteers • Others

3. Emergency Preparedness • Emergency situations can occur at any time, any place, any where • They can be man made or natural • They may involve a single individual or large populations • They may do minimal or massive damage

4. Basic Emergency Guidelines Size up the situation • Day • Time • Type of occupancy • Type of construction • Weather • Hazards • Size of area • Number of people Do not try to rescue anyone unless it is safe for you! Do not add to the problem by becoming a victim too.

5. Know your Students and Staff • First Aid/CPR cards – who has them, who should? • Health restrictions - physical restrictions or disabilities • Medication concerns –daily, photo-sensitive, 3 day supply? • Itinerant staff – personnel and schedules • Parent volunteers • Other concerns

6. Safety Concerns • Be part of the solution, not part of the problem. • Always work in pairs. • Wear protective shoes; keep appropriate walking shoes with your emergency kit. • Communicate regularly with a partner, group, leader, and people being rescued. • Review escape plans with students and staff.

7. Measures to Ensure Safety • Review District Bulletins and Guidelines • Plan for the unexpected – think about possible alternative plans. • Take all practice drills seriously.

8. Step One: Triage Triage is divided into two major areas • Psychological Triage • Medical Triage

9. Psychological Triage Is complex and involves several basic aspects: • The rapid identification of victims in possible emotional distress. • Establishing priorities for the care of potential victims. Psychological triage will be covered later in the Training.

10. Medical Triage Medical triage involves two basic components: • The identification of victims at greatest risk for early death. • Establishing priorities for the care of large numbers of victims • START will be used to evaluate victims

11. START Goals • Simple • Rapid • No special skills required • No specific diagnosis • Stabilization provided • Easy to learn and teach

12. START(Simple Triage and Rapid Treatment) What is START? • The START plan is a simple step-by-step triage and treatment method to be used by the first rescuers responding to a mass casualty incident. • It allows the first responders to identify victims at greatest risk for early death. • To provide basic stabilization maneuvers.

13. Who Can Use START? START … was specifically designed for basic emergency personnel. Other groups may choose to use START as the first step in their triage systems.

14. START Basics RPM • Respirations • Perfusion • Mental Status Where do I start?

15. Triage Tag • is an identification tag used in a multi casualty incident to prioritize victims for care, (triage). • is a tag to attach to the victim, with four colored code strips to prioritized care.

16. Green Strip Yellow Strip Red Strip Black Strip Minor– bottom strip -Injuries managed byfirst aid only -No hospital care needed at the moment Delayed– second from the bottom -Needs hospital care, but not immediate Immediate– third form the bottom -Needs emergency care now -Should receive attention before all others Deceased– fourth from the bottom -Dead or non-salvageable, No CPR is done The Four TRIAGE TAG Colors

17. Nothing – open airway, still no breathing, tag black Deceasedand move to the next victim. If person starts to breath, tag red Immediate. Respirations 30/minute or higher, tag red Immediate. Respirations under 30/minute, go to the next step – Perfusion. What do I do first? Respirations/Ventilation • BLACK • RED

18. Perfusion Capillary blanch refill test: • Color should return to lips or nail beds within 2 seconds, if so go to Mental Status. • If longer than 2 seconds, tag redImmediate. Remember - Control Bleeding

19. What if the lights are out? The Radial Pulse may be used in reduced lighting If… • Not palpable, tag red immediate • If palpable, go to Mental Status Remember - Control Bleeding

20. Mental Status • Altered mental status, tag red - Immediate. • Normal mental status, tag yellow - Delayed.

21. Let the Search Begin… Search Systematically • Never search alone! • Take the proper supplies, equipment, and keys • Select team members according to physical abilities • Never enter a building /room without notifying the command center first. • When entering a building/room, place a piece of tape on the door forming the first half of an X - / • Use a consistent systematically room check • When the building/room is clear, complete the X The Search Team will search first, then become part of the Rescue Team

22. Basic Search Equipment • Boxes – one for each search team to store their equipment in • Hard Hats/ Gloves/ Goggles/ Vests/ Backpacks/ Dust Masks/ Whistles/ School Maps – one set per member • Walkie Talkie – at least one per team • MetTags/Triage tags/3x5 cards with safety pins – to tag victims • Clipboards/ pencils/ pens/ markers • Log Sheets – to record victims location and condition • Flashlights – at least one per team, change batteries annually • Masking Tape – to mark doors, people, or ??? • Crowbar – to pry open doors and windows, one per team • Light weight rope – to string between team members, rope off an area, secure tents, or ??? • START guidelines and Basic Vital Sign Guidelines • Additional Equipment – any items the school feels is necessary Remember to store in an easily accessible central location

23. Steps After Initial TRIAGE • Establish first aid station • Start initial first aid • Reassess the “walking wounded” and those previously TRIAGED

24. Establishing the 1st Aid Station Generally divided into four smaller stations • Triage/Communication Center–organizes, records, receives, and directs 1st Aid and rescue services. • Green Station–Minor, treat and release • Yellow Station – Delayed, needs hospital care, but can wait. • Red Station – Immediate, needs emergency care now. Should receive attention first. Any victim tagged with Black goes directly to the morgue.

25. Basic 1st Aid Equipment Review District Bulletins and Policies Q-5, Q-48, Q-50 • First Aid kits - one per 100 students, see supply order catalogs. - Review expiration dates and replace as needed. • Stethoscopes/Blood Pressure Cuff with varying cuff sizes • Walkie Talkie and Flash Lights • Large laminated map of the school and grease pencils • Clipboards/ pencils/ pens/ Log Sheets • Red/ Yellow/ Green Triage Station Locator Signs • Tarps/ Tents/ Blankets/ Pillows

26. Rescue Team • Rescue members meet at the 1st Aid station • The Search Team will join the Rescue Team, once they have completed their search • Each team consists of 2 – 4 members • Take appropriate equipment - Stretchers, 1st Aid kits, etc. No one goes anywhere alone

27. Emergency Classroom Kits Suggested items: • Classroom rosters • Emergency plans • Paper, pencils, pens, crayons, or other age appropriate items • Crackers or similar food item • Butcher paper to sit on • Walking shoes or other items? • Chain or rope ladders for second floor classrooms The kit needs to be easy to carry and quickly accessible

28. Questions? • What does your school site need to be safe? • Who will you discuss your concerns with? • Where will the funding come from? • What are the District, State, Federal requirements?

29. Closing Comments