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Electrical Systems Efficiency

Electrical Systems Efficiency. Bill Tschudi, LBNL WFTschudi@lbl.gov. Electrical Systems Efficiency. Electrical distribution systems Lighting Standby generation On-site generation. Electrical Distribution . Every power conversion (AC DC, DC AC, AC AC) loses some power and creates heat

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Electrical Systems Efficiency

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  1. Electrical Systems Efficiency Bill Tschudi, LBNLWFTschudi@lbl.gov

  2. Electrical Systems Efficiency • Electrical distribution systems • Lighting • Standby generation • On-site generation

  3. Electrical Distribution • Every power conversion (AC DC, DC AC, AC AC) loses some power and creates heat • Distributing higher voltage is more efficient and saves capital cost (wire size is smaller) • Uninterruptible power supplies (UPS’s) efficiency varies • Power supplies in IT equipment efficiency varies

  4. Overall Power Use in Data Centers Courtesy of Michael Patterson, Intel Corporation

  5. 5V Internal Drive PWM/PFC Switcher Unregulated DC To Multi Output Regulated DC Voltages Bypass 12V External Drive 3.3V I/O 12V 1.5/2.5V In Out DC/DC Memory Controller AC/DC 1.1V-1.85V 12V DC/DC m Processor Battery/Charger Rectifier Inverter 3.3V SDRAM 3.3V Graphics Controller Voltage Regulator Modules AC/DC Multi output Power Supply Data Center Power Conversions AC DC DC AC Server Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) Power Distribution Unit (PDU)

  6. UPS Factory Measurements Typical Operation

  7. Measured Power Supply Efficiency Typical operation

  8. Typical AC Distribution Today 480 Volt AC

  9. Facility-Level DC Distribution 380V.DC 480 Volt AC

  10. Rack-Level DC Distribution 480 Volt AC

  11. AC System Loss Compared to DC 7-7.3% measured improvement 2-5% measured improvement Rotary UPS

  12. Video of DC Demonstration is Available

  13. Data Center Lighting • Lights are on and nobody’s home • Lighting controls are well proven – why not use them? • Small benefit but easy to accomplish – also saves HVAC energy • DC lighting would compliment DC distribution

  14. Standby Generation Loss • Several load sources • Heaters • Battery chargers • Transfer switches • Fuel management systems • Heaters (many operating hours) use more electricity than the generator will ever produce (few operating hours) • Opportunity may be to reduce or eliminate heating, batteries, and chargers

  15. Standby Generator Heater

  16. On-Site Generation • On-site generation with utility back-up • Thermal host required for combined heat and power • Absorption or adsorption chillers • Other campus use • Renewable sources (future) • Fuel cells • Solar • Wind

  17. Take Aways • Distributing higher voltage (AC or DC) is more efficient • Electrical power conversions are inefficient • Highly efficient UPS’s should be specified • Highly efficient IT equipment power supplies should be specified • Lighting is a small but low hanging opportunity • Standby generation losses can be minimized • On-site generation can improve reliability and efficiency

  18. website: http://hightech.lbl.gov/datacenters/

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