1991- 2011

1. 1991-2011 Nikita Jonas Megan Ribak Joanna Stumper Ben Wiechman

2. Outline Historical/Current Events Trends in Occupational Therapy Models and Theories Used in OT Vision for the Profession

3. Historical/Current events 1990s 2000s

4. Worldwide Events in the ‘90s • Aftermath of collapse of Soviet Union • End of Cold War • West and East German reunification issues • Communists kidnap Gorbachev & revolt; resignation; 1992 end of Soviet Union & political independence • Yugoslavia: Slovenia & Croatia (ethnic cleansing until UN ceasefire) • Rwanda • President assassinated • Hutus, Tutsis, government • UN estimated 800,000 died April-July 1994 • Aftermath of Iran-Iraq War • Iraq in debt; asked Kuwait & Saudi Arabia to negotiate; oil; border disputes • Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990; UN economic sanctions; US and Arab countries bombed in 1991 • South Africa • March 1991: mandate to end White-minority rule • 1994: Black people vote: African National Congress (ANC) won majority of seats in parliament, Nelson Mandela president

5. Events in the USA in the ‘90s • Terrorism • ‘93: car bomb in underground parking garage in World Trade Center • ‘96: truck bomb outside of U.S. military barracks • ‘97: 2 U.S. embassies in Africa bombed • ‘95: Oklahoma City bombing • ‘99: Columbine High Shooting • Dr. Jack Kevorkian • Assisted suicide • Guilty verdict in ‘99 • ‘91 & ’92: Race Riots in Los Angeles • ‘98: Bill Clinton and Monica Lewinsky • ‘97: MiCASSA (Medicaid Community Attendant Services and Supports Act) first introduced to Congress • Still not passed

6. Key Events in the 2000s worldwide United states • Nuclear Weapons • Russia and US reduced • Fear shifts to other powers (Asia & Middle East) • “Era of Globalization”? • Transculturation: merging and converging of cultures • Globalization= Westerniztion/ Americanization? • Terrorism • Africa: AIDS/HIV • 2000 election results: George W. Bush & Al Gore • Refugees & illegal immigrants • September 11, 2001 • War on Terror & • Iraq: weapons of mass destruction, Sadaam Hussein • Hurricane Katrina • 2007: Virginia Tech shooting • President Obama • Healthcare & ethics

7. Trends in Occupational Therapy Impact of the ADA Global Trend Cultural Awareness and New Roles Occupational Justice Focus on Prevention The Virtual Context Influence of Technology on OT Practice

8. Impact of the ADA • ‘90: Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) passed • Also: Education for All Handicapped Children Act amended & renamed Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) • ‘95: Helen L. v. Snider • U.S. Court of Appeals ruled that publicly funded institutionalization of a disabled woman in a nursing home violates her rights under the ADA since not medically necessary and state could offer her home care • ‘97: Medicaid Community Attendant Services and Supports Act (MiCASSA) introduced • proposed shifts in the proportion of Medicaid long-term care dollars spent in community and institutional services • national program of community-based attendant services and supports for people with disabilities • Independent Living • Universal Design

9. Global trend • World Occupational Therapy Day  launched in 2010.  • Awareness • Funds • Start of OT in other countries • Georgia • Chile • Uganda • Egypt

10. Cultural Awareness and New Roles • More aware of different cultures • Rising number of immigrants • War Veterans • OT’s role in Natural disasters

11. Occupational Justice Image taken from: http://lolgal13.blogspot.com/2010/10/to-kill-mockingbird-anticipation-guide.html • Arose in the mid- 1990’s • Relationship between health outcomes and sociopolitical/cultural determinants (Wilcock, 1993) • Enabling client empowerment through occupation (Townsend, 1993) • Rise in Advocacy • Engagement in occupation as a right

12. Focus on Prevention Images taken from: http://empirestatephtc.org/videos.cfm ; http://www.aota.org/Practitioners/Awareness/School-Backpack-Awareness.aspx http://blackboard.bu.edu/webapps/portal/frameset.jsp?tab_id=_2_1&url=%2fwebapps%2fblackboard%2fexecute%2flauncher%3ftype%3dCourse%26id%3d_36330_1%26url%3d • Well-Elderly Study (Clark et al., 1997) • Concept of “Lifestyle Redesign” • Public Health Concerns • Backpack Awareness Day

13. The Virtual Context • Utilization of the virtual context has increased dramatically • Use of facebook and twitter to increase OT awareness and promote the profession • Availability of Skype, googledocs, and wikispaces all allow for expanded professional development and involvement ex: World OT Day virtual 24 hour conference I was thinking on this page we could put some facebook/twitter logos, something from the world ot webpage, and maybe a tweet of karen’s?

14. Influence of Technology on OT Practice • “Wii-habilitation” has been used in many different research studies • Literature shows that the Wii is being implemented in hospital, rehab, and school settings, with clients with CP, Parkinson’s disease, motor delays, and many other diagnoses • Used to reach therapeutic goals such as increasing strength, endurance, ROM, and the building of social relationships • Clients engaging in Wii-habilitation are also more motivated and willing to participate in therapeutic activities for a longer time

15. Models and Theories Used in Occupational Therapy Evidence Based Practice Occupation-Centered Practice Client-Centered Practice PEO ICF Other Models

16. Evidence-Based Practice • Recent trend in OT • Client-centered practice • Rapid speed of medical discoveries • Global growth

17. Occupation-Centered Practice • An emphasis on engagement in occupation of the client’s choice, occurring in their typical settings • Based on the professions’ beliefs that occupations are central to an individuals’ identity • Views occupations not as isolated activities, but as connected in a web of meaning in people’s daily lives • Occupations are central part of both the means and the ends of therapeutic interventions (do you think I should add another bullet point explaining this or just keep that as something in my notes to say out loud?)

18. Client-Centered Practice Image taken from: http://hellolindsey.com/projects/shilo1.html • Understanding Client’s Environment/Context • Collaborative Approach • Therapy as a Narrative Process (Mattingly, 1994) • Growth of Occupational Storytelling • Occupational Storymaking(Clark, 1993)

19. PEO Image taken from Professor Gael Orsmond’s lecture on 9/14/11

20. ICF • International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health • World Health Organization (WHO) • Social model of disability Image taken from Professor Gael Orsmond’s lecture on 9/14/11

21. Other Models • New and emerging models • Toglia’sMulticontext Approach to Perceptual Cognitive Impairments • Motor control and Motor learning Models of Practice • Other models being redefined/developed • Alzheimer’s disease and their caregivers • Handwriting problems of children • Premature infants • Hospice care • Trend towards more… • Wellness models of practice • Models for public health • Hospital based models

22. Vision for the Profession Slagle Lectures Centennial Vision New Directions of the Centennial Vision Job Opportunities

23. Eleanor Clarke Slagle Lectures: 1990s 1999: Defining Lives: Occupation as Identity: An Essay on Competence, Coherence, and the Creation of Meaning 1998: Uniting Practice and Theory in an Occupational Framework 1997: 1996: Why the Profession of Occupational Therapy Will Flourish in the 21st Century 1995: Occupation: Purposefulness and Meaningfulness as Therapeutic Mechanisms 1994: Building Inclusive Community: A Challenge for Occupational Therapy 1993: Occupation Embedded in a Real Life: Interweaving Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy 1992: 1991:

24. Eleanor Clarke Slagle Lectures: 2000s 2011: 2010: What’s Going on Here? Deconstructing the Interactive Encounter 2009: Reclaiming our Heritage: Connecting the Founding Vision to the Centennial Vision 2008: Embracing Ambiguity: Facing the Challenge of Measurement 2007: Becoming Innovators in an Era of Hyperchange 2006: The World of Everyday Occupation: Real People, Real Lives 2005: Embracing Our Ethos, Reclaiming Our Heart 2004: Time, Space, and the Kaleidoscopes of Occupation 2003: Chaotic Occupational Therapy: Collective Wisdom for a Complex Profession 2002: 2001: The Sensations of Everyday Life: Empirical, Theoretical, and Pragmatic Considerations 2000: Our Mandate for the New Millennium: Evidence-Based Practice

25. Slagle Lectures <3 BU!!! • 2011: Karen Jacobs • 2008: Wendy Coster

26. Centennial Vision “We envision that occupational therapy is a powerful, widely recognized, science-driven, and evidence-based profession with a globally connected and diverse workforce meeting society’s occupational needs” AOTA goals by 2017 Want to be able to improve the health and well-being of the broader society, become more creative innovators, and promote membership in AOTA as part of professional responsibility Expanding research, increasing advocacy, and the creation of model curriculums for OT and OTA programs

27. Centennial Vision • Parallels with the Founding Vision give practitioners a sense of continuity with earlier generations of OTs • The Founding Vision states: “The particular objects for which the occupation is formed are as follows: The advancement of occupation as a therapeutic measure, for the study of the effect of occupation upon the human being, and for the scientific dispensation of this knowledge” • Founding vision was created by Susan Cox Johnson, George Edward Barton, Eleanor Clarke Slage, Willion Rush DuntonJr, Isabelle Newton Barton, and Thomas B. Kinder at the 1917 meeting of NSPOT • Major shared focuses between the Founding and Centennial visions: • Successful promotion of occupation as a vital force to meet society’s needs • Engagement in and dissemination of scientific research that supports the effectiveness of occupational therapy

28. New Directions of the Centennial Vision • Major points of the Centennial Vision which differ from the Founding Vision • Active engagement in research, rather than an aspiration to involve the profession • Incorporation of a social perspective into the view of engagement in occupations • Linking OT in the U.S. to the global community, with the goal of the each country’s practice and research supporting and informing one another

29. Why are we MSOT students? • April 1998 ACOTE meeting • developed position statement urging post-baccalaureate study for occupational therapists • Given the demands, complexity, and diversity of contemporary occupational therapy practice, ACOTE’s position is that the forthcoming educational standards are most likely to be achieved in post-baccalaureate degree programs. • AOTA’s April 1999 Annual Conference & Expo • the Representative Assembly passed Resolution J, “Movement to Required Post-baccalaureate Level of Education” • Eventually require post-baccalaureate entry-level occupational therapy education • August 1999 ACOTE meeting • voted that professional entry-level occupational therapy programs must be offered at the post-baccalaureate level by January 1, 2007 to receive or maintain ACOTE accreditation status.

30. Job Opportunities • Job demand is increasing • Increase 26 percent between 2008 to 2018—significantly faster than other fields.  • Increased demand in early intervention programs due to Disabilities Education Improvement Act • Baby boom generation retires. • Median Salary : $69,630 in 2009

31. NIKITA’S GAME IDEAS Ideas for games/class interaction- The weakest link- Who wants to be a millionaire- wheel of fortune- cash cab- Hollywood squares except with famous OTs in the squares or titles of important info in it- are you smarter than a 5th graderhttp://jc-schools.net/tutorials/ppt-games/

32. Also Add…??? • Licensing changes?? /AOTA blowout?? • Diagnoses • Alzheimers • Autism • ADHD/ADD • Client centered practice: Mention family as client?