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PHASES IN THE HISTORY OF THE THIRD REICH

PHASES IN THE HISTORY OF THE THIRD REICH. Spring-summer 1933: The “National Revolution” crushes all opposition, largely through SA violence.

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PHASES IN THE HISTORY OF THE THIRD REICH

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  1. PHASES IN THE HISTORY OF THETHIRD REICH • Spring-summer 1933: The “National Revolution” crushes all opposition, largely through SA violence. • 1933-36: Consolidation, as Hitler works closely with conservative elites to promote German rearmament and a return to full employment. The “Blood Purge” of June 1934 signals Hitler’s resolve to discipline SA hotheads. • 1937-39: Radicalization, as Hitler promotes distinctively Nazi objectives in racial and foreign policy, purging all conservatives who refuse to go along. • 1939-42: Blitzkrieg, i.e., “lightning war,” leads to spectacular string of victories. • 1943-45: Total war, leads to hideous defeats and the destruction through bombing of most German cities.

  2. Hitler demands an Enabling Act, 23 March 1933: Only the SPD voted against this grant of absolute power for 4 years

  3. “Germans! Defend Yourselves! Don’t buy from Jews!” This boycott announced on April 1, 1933, was soon called off, but all Jews were purged from the civil service

  4. The occupation of the Berlin headquarters of the Free Trade Unions, May 2, 1933:By June all parties but the NSDAP had dissolved

  5. STORMTROOPERS BRUTALIZED MANY THOUSANDS OF “ENEMIES OF THE PEOPLE” “I am the biggest pig in town, because I only go out with Jews.” SPD politicians, forced to remove anti-Hitler graffitti

  6. “German Students March Against the Ungerman Spirit:”A book burning on 10 May 1933

  7. The Nazi cartoonist Josef Plank celebrated the flight from Germany of Jews and leftists in 1933/34

  8. Ernst Röhm sought to place the SA in charge of rearmament and called for a “Second Revolution” Hitler gained credibility among non-Nazis after Göring and Goebbels persuaded him to order the killing of SA leaders in the “Knight of the Long Knives,” June 30-July 2, 1934

  9. Heinrich Himmler and the SS carried out the murders and then took over the concentration camps from the SA

  10. The Army’s new loyalty oath to Hitler, August 2, 1934

  11. German judges hail Hitler

  12. THE NEW INSTITUTIONS OF GOVERNMENT • To replace the trade unions, all workers were required to join the German Labor Front; strikes were banned. • The Nazi SS (=Schutzstaffel) merged with Prussia’s Gestapo to form a new secret police. • Elected state governments were replaced by Reich Commissars, as the 40 Gauleiter of the NSDAP jostled to fill 20 posts of Reich provincial commissar. • In a process of Gleichschaltung, every club and interest group had to affiliate with the NSDAP or dissolve itself. • 20% of civil servants & 30% of schoolteachers joined the NSDAP; party membership was frozen at 2.5 million in December 1933.

  13. “Now as then,we remain comrades:The German Labor Front”(1933/34)

  14. Unemployed youth were required to join the “National Labor Service” to drain swamps or build the Autobahn

  15. “Help Hitler build:Buy German goods”(mid-1930s)

  16. “Strength through Joy: Now you too can travel!” “Strength through Joy Car”

  17. “The NSDAP protects the Volksgemeinschaft” “Support the Aid Program forMOTHER AND CHILD”

  18. A proud bearer of the “Mother’s Cross,” introduced in 1938

  19. The Animals’ Friend (postcard, 1934)

  20. The Children’s Friend (ca. 1934)

  21. “Youth serves the Führer. All ten-year-olds into the Hitler Youth”

  22. “Build youth hostels and homes”(1938/39)

  23. “National Sports Day of the League of German Girls,23 September 1934”

  24. Map of the arms race (1934)

  25. Germany restored universal conscription in March 1935 New draftees report in 1935 How they looked a few months later

  26. New Luftwaffe bombers and Wehrmacht tanks on display for the Nazi Party “Congress of Freedom,” Nuremberg, September 1935. Rearmament helped Germany to achieve full employment by 1936…

  27. The Nuremberg Laws, Sep. 1935

  28. Hitler at the height of his popularity, Berlin, January 1936

  29. Sigmund Freud, Civilization and Its Discontents(1930), chap. V: “It is always possible to bind together a considerable number of people in love, so long as there are other people left over to receive the manifestations of their aggressiveness…. In this respect the Jewish people, scattered everywhere, have rendered most useful services to the civilizations of the countries that have been their hosts; but unfortunately all the massacres of the Jews in the Middle Ages did not suffice to make that period more peaceful and secure for their Christian fellows…. Neither was it an unaccountable chance that the dream of a Germanic world-dominion called for anti-Semitism as its complement; and it is intelligible that the attempt to establish a new, communist civilization in Russia should find its psychological support in the persecution of the bourgeois. One only wonders, with concern, what the Soviets will do after they have wiped out their bourgeois.”

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