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Human Sexuality

Human Sexuality . Dr Aseni Gammampila. Definitions. Person’s sex is defined by their male and female genitals Person’s gender is the psychological experience of one’s sex Subjective experience of being male or female is referred as gender identity (develops in early childhood)

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Human Sexuality

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  1. Human Sexuality Dr Aseni Gammampila

  2. Definitions • Person’s sex is defined by their male and female genitals • Person’s gender is the psychological experience of one’s sex • Subjective experience of being male or female is referred as gender identity (develops in early childhood) • Greater difference of emotional and social behavior and little difference in cognition among males and females

  3. Definitions of Sexual Orientation • Sexual orientation: to which sex a person is attracted • Homosexual orientation: primary erotic psychological emotional and social orientation is to same sex • Gay males • Lesbian females • Bisexual orientation: attraction to both same & opposite sex partners • More women than men are bisexual

  4. Definitions of Sexual Orientation • Heterosexual orientation: attraction to opposite sex partner • Asexuality: feeling no sexual attraction to either sex • Asexual people lack sexual attraction to others, but still have desire for friendships, affection, and partnerships • Some asexual people masturbate, but feel no interest in sexual activity with a partner

  5. Human Sexual Responses

  6. Four Stages of Human Sexual Response Cycle • the excitement phase • the plateau phase • the orgasmic phase • the resolution phase

  7. Sexual Response Cycle

  8. Sexual Dysfunctions • Abnormality in individual sexual responsiveness • Lifelong or acquired • Generalized or situational • Causes • Physical conditions • Psychological conditions • Substance abuse • Medication • Trauma

  9. Types of Sexual Dysfunctions • Hypoactive Sexual Desire • Sexual Aversion Disorder • Female Sexual Arousal Disorder • Male Erectile Disorder • Female Orgasmic Disorder • Male Orgasmic Disorder • Premature Ejaculation • Sexual Pain Disorder

  10. Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder • Individual has an abnormally low level of interest in sexual activity • Causes • Psychological issues • Poor body image • Poor self-esteem • Interpersonal hostility • Relationship issues

  11. Sexual Aversion Disorder • Active dislike and avoidance of genital contact with a sexual partner possibly due to disgust, fear, revulsion . Causes: • Severely negative parental sex attitudes • Pressure by the partner to perform sexual activities • History of sexual trauma • Confusion of gender identity

  12. FemaleSexual Arousal Disorders • Persistent, recurrent inability to attain or maintain lubrication

  13. Male Erectile Disorder • Impotence • Recurrent inability to attain or maintain erection till end of activity • May be secondary to alcohol, diabetes

  14. Orgasmic Disorder • Female • no orgasm despite adequate stimulation • Male • no orgasm with partner, only masturbation

  15. Premature Ejaculation • Man reaches orgasm long before he wishes to • Sometimes even prior to penetration

  16. Sexual Pain Disorders • Dyspareunia • recurrent or persistent genital pain before, during, or after intercourse. • can be from vaginal dryness, antihistamines, injury or irritation • Vaginismus • recurrent or persistent involuntary spasms of the outer third of vaginal muscles • feeling of ripping, burning, or tearing

  17. Sexually Transmitted Diseases

  18. Chlamydia • Common STD (especially among the young) • Caused by a bacterium - Chlamydia trachomatis • Infect both men and women • Cause serious, permanent damage to female reproductive organs • Can also spread via the mixing of infected maternal serum with the foetus

  19. Symptoms of Chlamydia • ‘Silent’ infection - most infected people have no symptoms. • Symptoms may occur several weeks after exposure. • Chlamydia can damage a woman’s reproductive organs (asymptomatic) • Infect the cervix and/or the urethra • May have an abnormal vaginal discharge or dysuria.

  20. Symptoms of Chlamydia • Untreated infections can spread upward to the uterus and fallopian tubes causing pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). • PID can be silent, or cause symptoms (abdominal and pelvic pain) • PID it can lead to infertility and ectopic pregnancy

  21. Symptoms of Chlamydia • Infected men • Have discharge from their penis and dysuria • Epididymitis may occur (rare) • Infertility • Chlamydia can also infect the rectum in men and women causing proctitis • Infected pregnant women • Conjunctivitis or pneumonia in the new born

  22. Testing • Annual chlamydia testing • all sexually active women age 25 or younger • older women with risk factors for chlamydial infections (e.g., women who have a new or more than one sex partner) • all pregnant women • men who have sex with men (MSM) who have receptive anal sex should be tested for chlamydia • Sample: cotton swab of the vagina or a urine sample

  23. Treatment for Chlamydia • Antibiotics (abstain from sex for seven days after single dose antibiotics, or until completion of a seven-day course of antibiotics, to prevent spreading the infection to partners) • Repeat infection with chlamydia is common • Persons whose sex partners have not been appropriately treated are at high risk for re-infection.

  24. Prevention • Condom use • Abstinence • Monogamy

  25. Gonorrhea • Caused by a bacterium- neisseriagonorrhoeae or gonococcus • Grow easily in the warm, moist areas of the reproductive tract, including the cervix, uterus, and fallopian tubes and in the urethra. • Bacterium can also grow in the mouth, throat, eyes, and anus. • Can also spread via the mixing of infected maternal serum with the foetus • Highest rates of infection are among sexually active teenagers and young adults

  26. Symptoms of Gonorrhea • Men • may be asymptomatic • common symptoms • dysuria • white, yellow, or green discharge from the penis - usually appears 1 to 14 days after infection • epidydimitis

  27. Symptoms of Gonorrhea • Women • Most are asymptomatic • If symptomatic • Dysuria • vaginal discharge • vaginal bleeding

  28. Symptoms of Gonorrhea • Symptoms of rectal infection • discharge • anal itching • soreness • bleeding • painful bowel movements. • Infections in the throat may cause a sore throat

  29. Symptoms of Gonorrhea • Untreated gonorrhea can cause PID • PID can lead to • internal abscesses • chronic pelvic pain • damage the fallopian tubes causing infertility or ectopic pregnancies • If untreated, gonorrhea infect blood or joints leading to life-threatening conditions

  30. Diagnosis and Treatment • Testing : a urine test or swab • Treatment • Antibiotics • Drug resistant gonorrhea –if symptoms continue despite treatment • Treat patient and partners • Abstain from sexual activities until treatment in complete

  31. Genital Herpes • Caused by the herpes simplex viruses type 1 (HSV-1) or type 2 (HSV-2). • Transmission more likely from an infected male to his female partner • Asymptomatic or have very mild symptoms

  32. Symptoms of Genital Herpes • One or more blisters on or around the genitals, rectum or mouth. • Painful sores that may take two to four weeks to heal • May also experience flu-like symptoms such • Outbreaks are more common in the first year, gradually decreasing over time

  33. Maternal Infection • Maternal infection can lead to miscarriage or premature birth. • Neonatal herpes can be fatal - avoid contracting herpes during pregnancy • A woman with genital herpes may be offered antiviral medication from 36 weeks gestation through delivery to reduce the risk of an outbreak. • Cesarean delivery is usually performed

  34. Diagnosis and Treatment • Testing: • swabs from sores • blood test • Treatment • Antiviral medications • Prevention • latex condom • abstain from sexual contact • monogamy

  35. Human Immunodeficiency Virus- HIV • Presence of other STDs increases the likelihood of both transmitting and acquiring HIV • Increased susceptibility. • Genital ulcers (syphilis,herpes) result in breaks in the genital tract mucosa creating a portal of entry for HIV • STDs increase the concentration of cells in genital secretions that can serve as targets for HIV (e.g., CD4+ cells).

  36. Human Immunodeficiency Virus- HIV • Increased infectiousness. • HIV and STD infected people are likely to shed more HIV virus in their genital secretions • The median concentration of HIV in semen is as much as 10 times higher in men who are infected with both gonorrhea and HIV than in men infected only with HIV.  • STD treatment reduces an individual's susceptibility and ability to transmit HIV

  37. Symptoms of HIV • First signs of HIV infection appear 1-2months after infection • swollen glands • flu-like symptoms. • Severe symptoms appear months or years later • AIDS is the final stage of HIV infection- body cannot fight life-threatening infections • No cure for HIV • Treatments help people with the virus to live a long and healthy life

  38. Modes of Transmission • Unprotected sex • Sharing infected needles and other injecting equipment to inject drugs • Maternal foetal transfer (umbilicus and at birth) • Breast milk • Other body fluids (not saliva)

  39. Mechanism • Attacks the immune system • Weakens ability to fight infections and disease

  40. Treatment • It takes several weeks after infection for testing to be positive, retest a few weeks later • Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) • may stop you becoming infected • treatment must be started within three days of coming into contact with the virus. • Antiretrovirals • slow down the damage the virus does to the immune system • minimise the risk of getting serious illnesses

  41. Genital Human Papillomavirus - HPV • Most common sexually transmitted infection • Infect the genital areas, the mouth and throat • Can cause genital warts and cancers • Nearly all sexually-active men and women get it at some point in their lives (even in monogamy) • A large number of HPV virus strains, but can only be infected with one strain • 90% recover without any medication within 2years

  42. Symptoms • Infected person may be asymptomtomatic • Persistent HPV infection cause • Genital warts • Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (rare) - warts grow in the throat- may cause respiratory distress • Cervical cancer (screening is done) • Other, less common genital cancers (cancer of the vulva, vagina, penis, or anus), and oropharyngeal cancer

  43. Treatment • HPV vaccines are recommended for 11- or 12-year-old boys and girls

  44. Syphilis • Caused by a bacterium - treponema pallidum • Cause long-term complications and/or death if not adequately treated • Transmission • direct contact with syphilis sores • transmitted during vaginal, anal, or oral sexual contact • maternal - foetal

  45. Symptoms • Appearance of the first symptom is 21 days after infection primary syphilis sore

  46. Primary Stage • The appearance of a single sore, but there may be multiple sores. • The sore appears at the location where syphilis entered the body • The sore is usually firm, round, and painless • Sore heals within 3 to 6 weeks regardless of treatment • Untreated will progress to secondary stage

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