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First Punic War: basics

First Punic War: basics. Where: Sicily and N. Africa Naval technological change: Rome captures a Punic quinquereme (50 oars) in 261; adoption of the “raven” ( corvus ). Builds 100+ ships. Epic battles: 50,000 infantry, 70,000 sailors each. First Punic War. Naxos Temple Architecture.

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First Punic War: basics

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  1. First Punic War: basics • Where: Sicily and N. Africa • Naval technological change: Rome captures a Punic quinquereme (50 oars) in 261; adoption of the “raven” (corvus). Builds 100+ ships. • Epic battles: 50,000 infantry, 70,000 sailors each

  2. FirstPunicWar

  3. Naxos Temple Architecture Siracusa Fortifications Naxos harbor Greeks in Sicily: 734-250 BCE Siracusa Theater Agrigento Temple

  4. First Punic War: key moments 3 5 2 7 Panormus 264 War begins when Messana vacillates betw. Rome, Carthage &, with Hiero, draws both into conflict 5 6 3 1 3 4 1 • 263-2 Rome invades Syracuse; allies with Hiero; wins early victories • 261 Rome captures quinquereme near Tyndaris, builds fleet, uses corvus • 259-6 Rome secures southern coast, northeastern corner of Sicily • 254 Rome invades Carthaginian territory in Africa; defeated • 254 Rome rebounds, wins in northwest at Panormus, Drepanum • 249-7 HamilcarBarca twice defeats Rome, which loses fleet in storm in west • 242 Rome builds 200 ships at expense of wealthy • 241 Rome takes western Sicily, destroys Carthage’s fleet, Carthage sues • for peace 2 3 4 5 6 7

  5. First Punic War: resolution • Terms: • Carthage loses Sicily, Corsica, Sardinia; pays 20-year indemnity of 3200 Talents (~200,000 pounds) of silver; hands over Roman captives; neither side may attack the other, or each other’s allies (see Saguntum, 218) • Losses for Rome: • thousands of men, 700 ships; vulnerability in southern Italy • Losses for Carthage: • Sardinian mineral resources, Sicilian fertile lands, strategic value of all three islands • Carthage's goals in 1st Punic War: • defeat Rome by means of attrition • Rome's goals in 1st Punic War: • plunder, fama for nobiles, eventual political hegemony in southern Italy, elimination of Carthaginian presence on Sicily and nearby small islands, expansion at Carthage’s expense

  6. Example of fama of the nobilitas:Gaius Duilius’ monument in the Forum, 260 BCE (Bringmann 2007, 69) >

  7. After the First Punic War

  8. First Punic War: analysis • Why Rome won: abundant manpower, bold action, a willingness to learn the enemy’s game • Why Carthage lost: economy of effort, lack of trustworthy manpower, half-hearted measures • Results for Rome: wider field of Mediterranean politics, reaping the benefits & profits of empire and a navy to dominate the west, but not yet with the mechanisms of empire (provincial taxes, administration, etc.) • Results for Carthage: diminished naval power and a hunger for vengeance

  9. ager Gallicus, Po River valley Adriatic Sea Ebro R. Macedonia Sardinia Illyria • Saguntum • Corinth • Carthago Nova • Carthage

  10. Why another Punic war? It’s not as if Rome didn’t have other issues … • 240-38 1) Rome declares the “Mercenary War” on Carthage re: Sardinia, averted with extortion of 1,200 talents • 237-20 2) Settlement of ager Gallicus in Po River Valley leads to prolonged war with Celts, construction of Via Flaminia, planting of colonies • 229-27 3) War vs. Queen Teuta in Illyria in response to requests for help vs. Illyrian piracy; Rome negotiates treaties with Illyrians, brings besieged cities into her “friendship,” is welcomed by Corinth and the Greeks at the Isthmian Games and exercises influence in Adriatic Sea (Polyb. 2.8-12) • 219-16 4) Macedonian king Philip V nearly precipitates war with Rome along Dalmatian coast on Adriatic

  11. Why did the Second Punic War commence, and why does it interest Polybius (3.1, 3.4)? 238-29/8 Why is HamilcarBarca in Spain? (Polyb. 2.1) 225 Why does Hasdrubal (‘the Fair’) (son-in-law of Hamilcar) found CarthagoNova? 225 Why was the Treaty of the Ebro (or Iber) River between Rome and Hasdrubal important? (Polyb. 3.27) 223 What was the impact of Rome making Saguntum a “protectorate” (fides) after settling an internal dispute? 220-19 Why did Saguntum appeal to Rome, why did Rome negotiate with Hannibal (son of Hamilcar, brother of Hasdrubal and Mago, successor to brother-in-law Hasdrubal in 221) and with what result? 218 What did Hannibal do and how did Rome respond? Recall the treaty at the end of the First Punic War.... Why did the war occur? (see Polyb. 3.6, 8, especially 10-11) What do you think of Polybius’ methods (see 3.8-9, 21-27, 29)

  12. ager Gallicus, Po River valley Adriatic Sea Ebro R. Macedonia Sardinia Illyria • Saguntum • Corinth • Carthago Nova • Carthage

  13. Scipio vs. Hannibal Hannibal Scipio Ti. SemproniusLongus

  14. Battle of Lake Trasimene: defeat and death of consul Gaius Flaminius Declaration of ver sacrum & appointment of Quintus FabiusMaximus (later Cunctator) as dictator, who harassed Hannibal, cut off his supplies, but did not engage him in war

  15. Roman supply depot 216: 2 armies of 20,000 (4 legions) each + 40,000 allies + 6,400 cavalry, all under consuls LuciusAemiliusPaullus (grandfather of Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus AfricanusNumantinus, Polybius’ patron) & Gaius Terentius Varro (scapegoat) vs. 46,000 Carthaginians and allies + 10,000 cavalry under command of Hannibal

  16. 216: Rome: L. AemiliusPaullus & 100+ senators & magistrates killed, Varro escaped 70Kdead, 10Kcaptured, only 3K infantry & 370 cavalry survived (Polybius) 48K dead, 4.5K captured, the rest survived (Livy) Carthage: 5.7K dead (Polybius), 8K dead (Livy)

  17. Now what?

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