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Understanding Different Types of Notes and Coding in Qualitative Research

This guide explores the various types of notes researchers can take during and after interviews, including jotted notes, transcripts, inference notes, analytic notes, and personal notes. It highlights the importance of distinguishing between these types to maintain the integrity of data. Additionally, it covers the coding process, from initial to final coding, emphasizing the assignment of meaning to data. Researchers learn how to develop codes, ask key questions, and classify data into meaningful categories, enhancing their qualitative analysis.

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Understanding Different Types of Notes and Coding in Qualitative Research

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  1. TYPES OF NOTES • Jotted notes written during the interview • Brief • Exact words where possible • Transcript – record of what the person said • Base on jotted notes and memory • Write as soon as possible after interview • Include exact quotes and language • Do not include inferences here

  2. TYPES OF NOTES, continued • Researcher inference notes: Your interpretation of (parts of the) transcript • Analytic notes: Your record ofhow you proceeded • How the research went • What decisions you made • Etc. • Personal notes are feelings and emotional reactions that color what a researcher sees or hears • These can all be combined, or kept separate from each other; must keep separate from transcript

  3. CODING • ASSIGNING MEANING TO DATA • DATA: • TRANSCRIPT • QUOTES, EPISODES, ETC. • MEANING: CONCEPTS • IDEA • NAME • DEFINITION

  4. CODING DATA • Initial coding (Open) • Code in margins of transcript • Create list of codes (on page, index cards, etc) • Codes range from concrete to abstract • Re-coding • Go back over coded transcripts • Add to, remove, change, combine, break apart initial codes • Final coding • Develop final list of codes, including hierarchies • Find examples (quotes, stories, episodes) that illustrate final codes

  5. FINAL CODING • Use initial codes to ask key questions, and scan the data: • What is this a case of? What other cases are there? • What are the sub-categories of this case? • What are important comparisons, contrasts? • Note where you have data, where you do not

  6. BUILD TOWARD • CLASSIFICATIONS • IDEAL-TYPES • TYPOLOGIES • SIMPLER SETS OF CATEGORIES • EMPIRICAL GENERALIZATIONS • HYPOTHESES

  7. NESTED CODES • OPPORTUNITIES • CHALLENGES • STRATEGIES

  8. CODING – OBSERVATIONS • Make codes reasonably specific • “likes class discussion” not “likes” or “school” • If need be, include general and specific in the same code • E.g. “frustration – parking” not “frustration”

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