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### Understanding the Environmental Policy Process: Phases, Players, and Influences ###

This overview explores the intricate phases of the environmental policy process, highlighting problem perception, policy conception, agenda setting, decision-making, political execution, and impact. It examines the policy-making system as a competitive "game," where various players, such as government branches, interest groups, and the media, influence outcomes. The fragmentation of authority in the U.S. system requires broad consensus for policy advancement, often leading to incremental changes amidst diverse interests. The dynamics of conflict, negotiation, and feedback are essential for understanding how environmental policies are shaped and implemented. ###

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### Understanding the Environmental Policy Process: Phases, Players, and Influences ###

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Presentation Transcript

  1. Introducing the Environmental Policy Process, cont’d • A. Phases in the policymaking system • B. Policy process as a “game” • structure • players • opportunities for influence

  2. Political-Social Environment 1. Problem perception 2. Policy conception 3. Agenda setting 4. Decision- making 5. Political execution 6. Political impact

  3. Phases of the Policymaking System 1. Problem perception: People need to perceive that a problem exists and that government has a role in addressing that problem.

  4. Phases of the Policymaking System • 1. Problem perception • Policy conception: Proposing solutions • to identified problems.

  5. Phases of the Policymaking System 1. Problem perception 2. Policy conception 3. Agenda setting: Communicating the proposed solution to decision-makers and gaining access for influence.

  6. Phases of the Policymaking System • 1. Problem perception • 2. Policy conception • 3. Agenda setting • Decision-making: Institutional • processes for making policy decisions.

  7. Phases of the Policymaking System • 1. Problem perception • 2. Policy conception • 3. Agenda setting • 4. Decision-making • Political execution: Implementation • of policies, or putting policy decisions • into effect.

  8. Phases of the Policymaking System • 1. Problem perception • 2. Policy conception • 3. Agenda setting • 4. Decision-making • 5. Political execution • Political impact: Assessment of both • positive and negative impacts of a policy, • including feedback into problem • perception.

  9. Problem Policy Agenda Decision- Political Political perception conception setting making execution impact Interest Groups, Media, Public opinion Congress Supreme Court Problem Areas (eg, health, security, pollution) President Bureaucracy Political Parties F E E D B A C K

  10. Limits and Advantages to Using Policy Process Models • Assumes the system is rational; this often doesn’t reflect reality • Recognizes that policymaking is political, involving conflict • Draws attention to individuals and institutions • Highlights process dynamics

  11. The Game of Environmental Policymaking • What are the structure & rules of the game and how do they affect the outcome?

  12. Structure of the Environmental • Policy “Game” in the US: • Fragmentation of authority

  13. Fragmentation of authority • a. Federalism • – National Government • – State Government • – Local Government • b. Separation of powers • – Executive • – Legislative • – Judiciary • c. Checks & balances • d. Political power is dispersed & fluid • – Pluralism • – Elections • – Rights • e. Diverse interests & values survive • political loss

  14. Implications for environmental policy in a system of fragmented authority: • Many “access points” to government • Policy requires broad political consensus to advance • Easier to stall policy than it is to make it • Policy change tends to be incremental • Environmental Policy = Σ many policies • – Duplication & overlap • – Inconsistency & conflict

  15. The Game of Environmental Policymaking 2. Who are the players and what tools do the players have to influence the game?

  16. Players in US environmental policymaking • Legislative branch > House & Senate > Legislative Tools -- leadership -- law-making power * Majority -- budgetary power * Minority -- investigative power -- membership -- standing committees -- committees and staff -- staff -- approval of political appointees

  17. Players in US environmental policymaking b. Chief Executive > White House > Tools -- President -- Executive authority -- White House staff * decision making -- CEQ * reorganization -- OMB * executive orders -- staff * hire & fire > Executive Agency Chiefs -- Agenda setting -- Political appointees

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