Essential Question

1. SSUSH8 The student will explain the relationship between growing north-south divisions and westward expansion. • a. Explain how slavery became a significant issue in American politics; include the slave rebellion of Nat Turner and the rise of abolitionism (William Lloyd Garrison, Frederick Douglass, and the Grimke sisters). • b. Explain the Missouri Compromise and the issue of slavery in western states and territories. • c. Describe the Nullification Crisis and the emergence of states’ rights ideology; include the role of John C. Calhoun and development of sectionalism. • d. Describe the war with Mexico and the Wilmot Proviso. • e. Explain how the Compromise of 1850 arose out of territorial expansion and population growth.

2. Page 1 Essential Question • How did slavery come to be a significant issue in American politics? (pg. 248-256) • Include the uprising of Nat Turner and the rise of the Abolitionmovement via William Lloyd Garrison, Frederick Douglas, and the Grimkesisters. • Create a chart like the one below in which you plot the names of the individuals above and their contribution to making slavery a significant political issue Nat Turner William Lloyd Garrison Frederick Douglas Grimke Sisters

3. Slavery and the Southern Economy • The South was mainly agricultural with very little manufacturing • The main crops during the mid 1800s were rice and cotton, both which required extensive labor to produce • Though slavery was prevalent in the South, the vast majority of Southerners did not own slaves

4. Nat Turner’s Rebellion • Nat Turner was a slave in Southampton County, Virginia. • Believed that God had chosen him to free the slaves. • In 1831, he led an uprising in which he killed his owner and 60 other whites before being captured. • In pursuit of Nat, the white bounty hunters killed 100 slaves trying to capture Nat and his followers • Significance: following this slave uprising some southern states passed stricter slave “codes” or laws. This was looked down upon by Abolitionists in the North. Widening the difference between the North and South regions.

6. Abolitionist • Grimke Sisters: South Carolina sisters who moved north to promote the abolitionist movement • William Lloyd Garrison became one of the country’s leading abolitionist, publishing the pro-abolitionist newspaper the Liberator. He believed in complete emancipation • Fredrick Douglas, a former slave from Maryland, published the abolitionist newspaper the North Star and an autobiography

7. SSUSH8 The student will explain the relationship between growing north-south divisions and westward expansion. b. Explain the Missouri Compromise and the issue of slavery in western states and territories.

8. Page 2 Essential Question • How did the Missouri Compromise affect the admittance of new states to the Union? (pg. 222-223) • What were the new criteria by which states were admitted? • First - Identify the Missouri Compromise [ define the Missouri Compromise…e.g. What was it?] • Next – Describe the criteria by which new States were admitted into the Union per the Missouri Compromise • Ex. Missouri Compromise = …blah blah blah…blah. Criteria for Admittance = States were admitted into the Union…blah blah blah…blah & blah.

9. The Missouri Compromise • In 1819 the U.S. consisted of 11 free and 11 slave states • Missouri applied for statehood as a slave state in 1819 • To off set the imbalance Maine applied for statehood as a free state • The Missouri Compromise granted statehood to both free and slave states and set a boundary for which areas slavery could expand in to Why would the South agree not to expand slavery into the Unorganized Louisiana Territory?

10. Missouri Compromise • An agreement passed in 1820 between the pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the Congress, involving the regulation of slavery in the western territories. It prohibited slavery in the former Louisiana Territory north of the parallel 36°30' north except within the boundaries of the proposed state of Missouri. To keep the balance, Maine was admitted as a free state in response to Missouri entering as a slave state.

11. SSUSH8 The student will explain the relationship between growing north-south divisions and westward expansion. c. Describe the Nullification Crisis and the emergence of states’ rights ideology; include the role of John C. Calhoun and development of sectionalism. d. Describe the war with Mexico and the Wilmot Proviso. e. Explain the Compromise of 1850.

12. Essential Question • What was the Nullification Crisis and what role did it play in the rise of “states rights” ideology? (pg. 230-232) • What role did John C. Calhoun play in the development of sectionalism? (pg. 230-232) • Create a Flow Chart on Page 3 [Essential Question Goes Here] Beginning / Causes Middle / Crisis Effects / Outcomes • Write you EQ @ the top of Page 3 • Your Flow Chartshould have 3 parts • Beginning • Middle • End • Use the Notes in thenext slides to fill-inyour chart • On the back of Page 3: • Define “Sectionalism” • Explain Calhoun’s role in growing • sectionalism between the North & South

13. Development of Sectionalism • Sectionalism is defined as loyalty to the interests of one's own region or section of the country, rather than to the country as a whole. • Sectionalism in the U.S. increased steadily 1800–1860. • The North, without slavery, industrialized, urbanized and built prosperous farms. • The South concentrated on plantation agriculture based on slave labor, together with subsistence farming for the poor whites.

14. In the early 1800s South Carolina’s economy began to weaken in part due to high government tariffs, or taxes, on imports In 1828 Congress passed another tariff, which many called the Tariff of Abominations South Carolina threatened to secede from the U.S. over the high tariffs Why would tariffs hurt Southern states like South Carolina more than Northern States? Nullification Crisis

15. Nullification Crisis • Vice-President John C. Calhoun, from South Carolina, supported the idea of nullification, or the right of the states to declare federal laws null, or void • He declared that states had this power of nullification because the states had created the federal government

16. Nullification Crisis • In 1832, Congress passed yet another tariff law • In November 1832, South Carolina declared the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 null, and refused to pay the federal government’s taxes on imports

17. Nullification Crisis • President Andrew Jackson ordered a warship to Charleston, viewing the nullification as a treasonous act • To ease tensions, Congress passed a bill that gradually lowered tariffs • South Carolina repealed its nullification of tariffs and the issue was temporarily solved How was the Nullification Crisis an example of sectionalism?

18. John C. Calhoun on Nullification Crisis • South Carolina representative who wrote and spoke of the Nullification Crisis between States and the National Government. • Significance: This is the first time that State’s Rights had been brought to the forefront (which later is used as justification in the Civil War). Differences between one region of the United States and another are becoming apparent. (Sectionalism)

19. Nullification Crisis • The Nullification Crisis was a sectional crisis during the presidency of Andrew Jackson created by South Carolina's 1832 Ordinance of Nullification. • This ordinance declared by the power of the State that the federal Tariff of 1828 and 1832 were unconstitutional and therefore null and void within the sovereign boundaries of South Carolina. • The controversial and highly protective Tariff of 1828 (known as the "Tariff of Abominations") was enacted into law during the presidency of John Quincy Adams. The tariff was opposed in the South. Its opponents expected that the election of Jackson as President would result in the tariff being significantly reduced.

20. SSUSH8 The student will explain the relationship between growing north-south divisions and westward expansion. d. Describe the war with Mexico and the Wilmot Proviso. e. Explain the Compromise of 1850.

22. Expansion into Texas Mexico encouraged Americans to settle in Texas region Native American and Mexican government had had disputes over the area. Having American citizens in the area was a security attempt by Mexico Stephen F. Austin established the first colony in Texas.

24. Texas Fights for Independence Anglo Settlers in Texas rebel against Santa Anna’s oppressive government and declare their independence from Mexico. Anglo troops are massacred at the Alamo “Remember the Alamo” was the battle cry after this loss. After the victory at San Jacinto River under the leadership of Sam Houston, Texas became the Republic of Texas. “The Lone Star” Republic It remained its own country for 7 years when it was annexed into the U.S. The annexation process was part of the reason the U.S. goes to war with Mexico.

25. The battle of the Alamo

26. Mexican War 1846-1848 Three Reasons that the U.S. and Mexico went to war* Boundary Disputes in the Texas Area Mexico believed the boundary should be north of the Rio Grande U.S. believed the boundary was at the Rio Grande Texas joining the United States (being Annexed) Bad relations between governments

27. War With Mexico • James Polk become President in 1845, promising to annex Texas, and Oregon. • The U.S. annexes Texas, causing a boundary dispute with Mexico. • Polk ordered the army into the disputed area where Mexican troops opened fire on the Americans • Polk then declared war on Mexico, claiming they were the aggressors

28. War With Mexico • The American army is ordered into Mexico, and out to California • Before the troops can reach California, a group of American settlers revolt and take the area naming it the Bear Flag Republic • In 1847, the U.S. Army enters Mexico City causing the Mexicans to surrender and ending the war

29. America Claims the Spoils of War* Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo This was an agreement with Mexico that The boarder of Texas was the Rio Grande They also Ceded (gave up) the areas of New Mexico and California to the U.S. U.S. agreed to pay $15 Million for the Mexican cession which included present day California, Nevada, New Mexico , Utah and most of Arizona, parts of Colorado and Wyoming.

31. War With Mexico • Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the war, giving the U.S. a vast amount of land in the Southwest • The U.S. now stretched from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean Why would this treaty cause problems with the Slavery issue?

32. Gasden Purchase President Franklin Pierce 1853 $10 Million to Mexico This area was at lower elevation that could be used for the Transcontinental Railroad* This established the present day boarders of the Continental U.S.

33. California Gold Rush* Sutter’s Mill Discovered in 1848, which caused many people to Rush to California in 1849 Nicknamed “49ers” because of the year People would travel in the following ways: either across the country on land sail to the southern tip of south America and upward to the coast of California By the Atlantic Ocean to the isthmus of Panama and cross then continue up by boat on the Pacific Ocean to California

34. Wilmot Proviso • Proposed in 1846, that any territory gained from Mexico would not be allowed to have slaves • The proposal upset Southerners, and though it passed in the House, the Senate refused to vote on it • The Wilmot Proviso continued a north-south sectionalism divided over the slavery issue

35. Wilmot Proviso • To counter the Wilmot Proviso and to ease tension, a proposal was made to allow the new territories to decide for themselves on the slavery issue, an idea called popular sovereignty • California applied for statehood in 1849, threatening to break the balance of free and slave states • Henry Clay proposed a resolution which became known as the Compromise of 1850

36. Compromise of 1850 (Henry Clay) • Abolished the slave trade in the District of Columbia, but slavery is still permitted. • Obligated Congress to create became the Fugitive Slave Law. • Admitted California as a free state • Separately organized the territories of Utah and New Mexico without restrictions on slavery. The inhabitants of these places would decide upon slavery when they applied to be admitted as states. • Texas would relinquish the land in dispute to Mexico. They would be given 10 million dollars in return as compensation that could be used to pay off its debt to Mexico.

37. Compromise of 1850 • Though the Compromise initially had little support, it was passed, by dividing it into smaller bills, allowing Congress to vote on each issue separately easing the tension, for the time being, over slavery