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World History

World History. World War I (AKS 45). I. The Stage Is Set - Causes A. Aggressive Nationalism - Italy, Germany, Austria- Hungary unified; independent B. Militarism – glorification and build up of the military 1. Grew out of Social Darwinism – “survival of the fittest”

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World History

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  1. World History World War I (AKS 45)

  2. I. The Stage Is Set - Causes • A. Aggressive Nationalism - Italy, Germany, Austria- Hungary unified; independent • B. Militarism – glorification and build up of the military • 1.Grew out of Social Darwinism – “survival of the fittest” • 2. Military buildup jumped 300% between 1870 - 1914 • 3. Made people feel patriotic and scared some other people • C. Alliances –countries formmilitary alliances • 1. Triple Alliance – Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy • 2. Triple Entente – France, Britain, Russia • 3.Isolationism – do not worry about other countries, only yourself (US)

  3. II. A Few Problems • Germany and France1) Bismarck saw France as a threat to peace – thought France wanted revenge for losing Franco-Prussian War2) Russia and France form an alliance – Bismarck nervous because being enemies with one would mean enemies with both and a two front war • 3) Britain forms an alliance with France and Russia because Germany starts building up its navy, trying to match Britain’s navy = Britain nervous

  4. III. The Guns Of AugustA. Austria-Hungary: abundant ethnic tensions1. Balkans: SE corner of Europe; many ethnic groups; part of Ottoman Empire a. known as the “powder keg” of Europe-nationalistic uprisings & ethnic clashes b. Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro, Romania, Serbia had already broken free of Ottoman rule in the early 20th2. Tried to take over the Ottoman Empire (primarily Balkans) • 3. Upsets Russians, Slavics, and Balkans

  5. III. The Guns Of August4. June 28, 1914 – Franz Ferdinand, heir to Austro-Hungarian throne, visits Sarajevo, Bosnia5. He is killed by Serbian nationalist; member of the Black Hand – sets off the powder keg

  6. III. The Guns Of AugustB. Peace Unravels1. Ultimatum– Austria - Hungary delivers a final set of demands a. get rid of all nationalists b. allow Austria – Hungary to investigate the murder c. Serbia agrees to all except the investigation 2. Mobilization– Austria – Hungary builds up military – ready for war • 3. July 28, 1914 – Austria – Hungary declares war on Serbia

  7. III. The Guns Of August4. Russia is an ally of Serbia; declares war on Austria – Hungary5. Germany is an ally of Austria – Hungary; declares war on Russia6. Russia asks for help from France; Germany declares war on France • 7. Italy and Britain remain neutral at first

  8. III. The Guns Of AugustC. The SchleiffenPlan • Germany had worried about fighting a war on two fronts – France and Russia • Developed a plan – defeat France quickly; then invade Russia • Germans invade Belgium to get to France • 3. Britain is an ally of Belgium; declares war on Germany to protect Belgium

  9. CENTRAL POWERS • Austria-Hungary Germany Ottoman Empire • ALLIED POWERS Russia • France • Britain • NEUTRAL • Italy • United States

  10. Central Powers vs. Allied Powers(red) (green)

  11. IV. A New Kind of ConflictA. The Western Front1. Trench Warfare – both armies dug trenches to fight from • 2. Battle of the Marne – French and British stop Germans – stalemate • 3. “No Man’s Land” – area between opposing trenches • 4. Battle of Verdun 1916 – 11 months; over 300,000 casualties per side a. Valley of the Somme – 60,000 British killed in one day b. hardly any territory gained for either side

  12. IV. A New Kind of ConflictB. New Weapons1. Machine Gun2. Poison Gas, gas masks3. Armored Tank4. Aircraft (planes, blimps)5. Submarines (German U-boats improved)

  13. V. Winning the WarA. Effects of the Stalemate1. Total War – using all of a nation’s resources in the war effort • 2. Drafts– young men are required to join military3. Countries began raising taxes, borrowing money to pay for war effort4. Propaganda– spreading ideas to promote a particular cause/one sided info meant to persuade someone a. Allies told of German atrocities against civilians b. Press also spread stories of German violence5. Women in War – took over jobs in factories; joined war effort as nurses

  14. V. Winning the WarB. The Eastern Front – Russia1. Had the most people but poor leadership2. People of Russia unhappy with economy and war3. 1917 – people overthrow the czar (Bolshevik Revolution)4. Vladimir Lenin takes over; signs treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany5. Russia is out of the war; Germany is able to shift resources to France

  15. V. Winning the WarC. The United States Enters the War • 1. May, 1915 – Germans sink British passenger ship Lusitania a. Americans on board b. Germans claim ship was being used to deliver military supplies2. December, 1916 – Germans sink American ships in the Atlantic3. Zimmerman Telegraph – intercepted by the British a. Germans ask Mexico to invade the United States b. Promise to give Mexico land in southwestern U.S.4. April, 1917 – President Woodrow Wilson asks Congress to declare war5. Boosts war effort in Europe with men and money

  16. V. Winning the War6. January, 1918 – Wilson issues the 14 Pointsa. overall plan for peace b. end secret treaties, allow freedom of the seas, free trade c. 14thPoint – “general association of nations” to solve problems

  17. V. Winning the War • 7. Armistice– agreement to end fighting; signed at 11:00 am, November 11, 1918

  18. Making the Peace • A. The Costs of War • 1. 8.5 million people were dead • 2. Homes, factories, farms, roads are destroyed • 3. Allies wanted losers to pay for damages - reparations

  19. Making the Peace • Paris Peace Conference • Big Three • 1)American President Woodrow Wilson • 2)British Prime Minister David Lloyd George • 3)French President Georges Clemenceau • Wilson wanted to keep the peace through the 14 Points • Britain and France wanted money and mandates – land • a. Britain wanted Ottoman lands in Middle East and German colonies in Africa • b. France – wanted the Rhineland – buffer between France andGermany • c. Italy – joined allies late, wanted land in Austria

  20. VI. Making the PeaceC. The Treaty of Versailles • 1.war-guilt clause: placed responsibility for the war on Germany • 2.Germany can have no military in the Rhineland • 3. Germany lost all territories in Africa and the Pacific- these areas considered “mandates” • 4. German army limited in size • 5. German land is taken; Poland created in East • 6. Germans forced to agree and sign treaty – Germany not happy – bitter, angry

  21. VI. Making the Peace • D. Problems • 1. Germans resent being blamed and having to make reparations • 2. Austria also not happy; lost most of its land (Hungary is independent country) • 3. Russians left out of the negotiations; no money or land • 4. U.S. Senate refuses to ratify and accept treaty; wants to go back to being isolationist beliefs; Wilson warns of another war in 20 years that will be worse • 5. Nations that became mandates were upset that the Allies ignored their desire for independence • 6. Japan and Italy mad because they didn’t gain as much land as they had hoped for

  22. VII. Results of Peace PlanA. Germany1. Economy destroyed; made worse by Treaty of Versailles a. owed $33 million to Britain and France b. also had to rebuild itself c. printed more money, value dropped, prices rise – INFLATION • 2. Wanted to stop paying reparations • 3. France sent in troops • 4. Passive Resistance – Germans refused to work • 5. Dawes Plan – U.S. gets involved a. convinced Britain and France to lower reparation payments b. loaned Germany money to pay them back c. France and Britain repay U.S. for war loans d. Germany now owes U.S.

  23. VII. Results of Peace Plan • B. Ottoman Empire 1. give up most of their empire – only allowed to keep Turkey • 2. other lands became mandates under the Allies a. Britain got Palestine, Iraq, Transjordan b. France got Syria and Lebanon

  24. VII. Results of Peace Plan • C. League of Nations1. Based on Wilson’s 14th Point2. Created to keep peace among nations3. Very weak organization – no U.S. or Russia4. Hoped to replace ally system and Balance of Power system • 5. Kellogg – Briand Pact – renounced war; signed by 62 countries

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