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WORLD IN 1700--OVERVIEW

WORLD IN 1700--OVERVIEW. EUROPE 1700. DECLINING STATES Spain Ottoman Empire. LARGE AND POWERFUL STATES France Great Britain Austrian Empire Russia. WEAK STATES The German States The Italian States. EUROPEAN MONARCHIES. Louis XIV. STATE STRUCTURE monarchies

zachery-valentine
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WORLD IN 1700--OVERVIEW

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  1. WORLD IN 1700--OVERVIEW

  2. EUROPE 1700 DECLINING STATES Spain Ottoman Empire LARGE AND POWERFUL STATES France Great Britain Austrian Empire Russia WEAK STATES The German States The Italian States

  3. EUROPEAN MONARCHIES Louis XIV • STATE STRUCTURE monarchies ruled by kings supported by a small group of hereditary nobles some absolute/othersconstitutional unjust and undemocratic Peter the Great

  4. EUROPEAN SOCIETY • Divided into strict categories arranged in a hierarchical order • Everyone had their place and generally stayed there—as did their children, grandchildren, great-grandchildren, etc. • France divided into three categories, known as “estates”

  5. FIRST ESTATE • CLERGY • 0.5% OF POPULATION • HONORARY PRIVILEGES • First in parades and processions • First to speak in assemblies • TAX EXEMPTION • JUDICIAL PRIVILEGES • Had its own court system to try clergy for crimes • POSSESSED ITS OWN ASSEMBLY • MOST HIGHLY HONORED, LEAST BURDENED WITH TAXES AND BEST ORGANIZED ESTATE

  6. SECOND ESTATE • NOBILITY • 1.5% OF POPULATION • HONORARY PRIVILEGES • Right to carry sword • Right to hunt • Right to have reserved pew in church • VIRTUALLY TAX EXEMPT • ECONOMIC RIGHTS • Peasants had to pay them fees and rent to live on and work the land • MISCELLANEOUS PRIVILEGES • Monopoly on all high positions in military, civil service, and the Church

  7. THIRD ESTATE • EVERYONE WHO WAS NOT A CLERGYMAN OR NOBLE--COMMONERS • 98% OF THE POPULATION • DIVERSE ESTATE • Bourgeoisie • Wealthy, well educated, and ambitious • Merchants, bankers, and professionals • Urban Tradesmen • Craftsmen and shopkeepers

  8. PEASANTS • 90% of French population • Not independent farmers • Could only sell, lease, or bequeath land with permission of local noble • Church exacted tithe • Paid most royal taxes • Subject to draft/ forced labor • Did not produce much to begin with • Basically hopeless situation

  9. EUROPEAN EXPANSION Despite depressing internal status quo, European states were extending their power beyond the borders of their continent

  10. AFRICA

  11. AFRICA • EAST AND NORTH COAST HAD CONTACT WITH EUROPE AND ASIA FOR CENTURIES • INTERIOR WAS LARGELY UNKNOWN TO OUTSIDERS • Primitive tribes • Advanced civilizations • Songhai Empire • West Africa • Founded in 1400s • Capital at Timbuktu • Flourishing Islamic culture • Destroyed by desert invaders in 1590s Timbuktu

  12. LONG-TERM TREND • European merchants exploited lack of political and cultural unity in Africa • Played on tribal and commercial rivalries to further their economic interests • Meddling in African affairs increased with time and came to involve European governments • Especially when African slaves became a valuable commodity on the international market with the development of plantation agriculture in the American colonies

  13. INDIA

  14. INDIA • OLD CIVILIZATION • Commercial cities • Highly developed arts • Hindu religion • MOGULS • Part Mongol/part Turk • defeated armies of rajas and brought unity to region under Babur • Greatest ruler was Akbar the Great Mogul • Persecution of Hindus prompted breakaway of parts • Invaders from Afghanistan increased fragmentation Akbar the Great Mugal Taj Mahal

  15. BIG TROUBLE FOR INDIA • BRITISH EAST INDIA COMPANY • Came to trade • Exploited deteriorating political situation • Formed own army made up of Indian mercenaries (sepoys) • Began process that would lead to British takeover of country

  16. CHINA

  17. CHINA • MING DYNASTY • 1300s-1640s • Yung lo • Built schools, patronized cultural/intellectual projects, engaged in public works projects • Moved capital to Bejiing • Built Forbidden City • Voyages of the Precious Ships

  18. MANCHU (QING) DYNASTY • Conquered China in 1640s • Last Dynasty (1644-1912) • Good leadership in early years • Increasing conservative, gradually cutting China off from rest of world • Expelled foreign missionaries and merchants • Only studied Chinese subjects • Fell steadily behind the West in science and technology

  19. JAPAN

  20. JAPAN • Copied Chinese civilization until 900 AD • Developed distinctive culture after 900 • Court aristocracyat Kyoto cultivated a delicate and sensitive lifestyle emphasizing refined poetry, art and graceful manners

  21. OUT IN THE COUNTRYSIDE • Samurai(rural warriors developbushido) • Emphasized military virtues (courage, pride, loyalty) • Special emphasis on honor • Preferred death to dishonor(seppuku suicide ritual)

  22. SHOGUN • Embodiment of bushido values • Originally military commander appointed by emperor • Becomes real power behind the throne as emperors weaken • Civil wars between samurai chieftains for position (1200-1600) • Establishment of Tokugawa Shogunate by Tokugawa Ieyasu in 1603.

  23. TOKUGAWA JAPAN • Tokugawa family dominates position of shogun from 1603 to 1868 • Good rulers • Increasingly conservative • Cut Japan off from rest of world • Blending of aristocratic and bushido traditions to create unique Japanese temperament

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