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Groat (= 4 pennies)

Groat (= 4 pennies). Penny (= roughly a day’s wage for a laborer; contains about .0347 troy oz. of silver). Farthing (= ¼ penny). EDWARD D G REX ANGLIA FRANC D HIB (Edward, by God’s grace King of England & France & Lord of Hibernia). Outer: POSVI DEUM ADIVTOREM ME

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Groat (= 4 pennies)

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  1. Groat (= 4 pennies) Penny (= roughly a day’s wage for a laborer; contains about .0347 troy oz. of silver) Farthing (= ¼ penny)

  2. EDWARD D G REX ANGLIA FRANC D HIB (Edward, by God’s grace King of England & France & Lord of Hibernia) Outer: POSVI DEUM ADIVTOREM ME (I have made God my helper) Inner: CIVITA EBORACI (City of York)

  3. A carter and his horse (Cambridge, Trinity Hall MS 12 f. 81b; from Kolve, Chaucer and the Imagery of Narrative II)

  4. Pushing a wagon, from the Luttrell Psalter (early 14th c.)

  5. The Virgin of Mercy c. 1480 Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest

  6. Types of Clergy in the Middle Ages • Secular (from L. saeculum, “the world” in Church Latin) • Clerics who live “in the world” rather than in monastic withdrawal— canons, parish priests, cathedral clergy, etc. • Regular (from L. regula, “rule”) • Monastic orders bound by a rule, i.e., monks (Benedictines, Cistercians, Augustinians, etc.) • Mendicant (from L. mendicare, “to beg”) • The four orders of friars and their associated orders: • Franciscans (St. Francis, 1209/1220s) • a.k.a. Grey Friars; Friars Minor/Minorites • Dominicans (St. Dominic, 1216) • a.k.a. Black Friars • Augustinians (1256) • a.k.a. Austin Friars • Carmelites (1226) • a.k.a. White Friars, Jacobites

  7. Carmelites Augustinians (Austin Friars) Iacobites (Dominicans) Minorites (Fransciscans)

  8. Wax tablets, Roman and medieval

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