Aroma therapy in Ayurveda C oncept and Therapeutic applications

1. Aroma therapy in AyurvedaConcept and Therapeutic applications N.SRIKANTH ASSISTANT DIRECTOR CENTRAL COUNCIL FOR RESEARCH IN AYURVEDIC SCIENCES Department of AYUSH Ministry of Health & Family Welfare Government of India

2. Start of process • Natural products • Botanical • Animal • Mineral origins from India have initiated the scientific quest of Drugs since antiquity.

3. Start of processEvolution of Indian pharmacopeia • India is having the world’s richest flora, comprising of about 120 families of plants, comprising • 1,30,000 species. • Ayurvedic texts cover about 2400 species of plants with their medicinal uses as described • by ancient Indian medical scholars. • 10,000 herbs are used worldwide for medicinal purposes

4. Roots of Clinical Experimentation and Drug Trials Susruta’s Approach: Reverse Pharmacology • Test intervention (Tallingatwat) • Feasibility; observational design (Dristhaphalatwat) • System validation (Agamaatsya)

5. Roots of Clinical Experimentation and Drug Trials Charaka’s Approach: Meticulous design & Emphasis on Reproducibility • Feasible ideology / Hypothesis (Budhipsyathiyabhavaan) • Multi dimensional approach in planning & assessment (Bahukaranayogajaan) • Appropriate design (Yukti-Yogna) • Perpetually valid outcome and reproducibility (Yuktihtrikalah)

6. Start of process • Some of the Ayurvedic plants • Interesting leads for drug discovery • Structural modifications of active principles leading to a cascade of new “chemical” drugs • In global use and pharmacology research

7. Phyto Chemical Class Source: Ehrman et al, J ChemInf Model 2007; 47(2):254-263

8. Market Potential • Market comprising of Ayurvedic, Unani, Siddha & Homoeopathic medicine is around US $ 1.5 billion  Rs 8800 Crore. • Approximate share of Ayurvedic formulations is 84% (Homeopathy 14%, Unani 2% and Siddha less than 1%.)

9. Use of Traditional Medicine *Status and Role of AYUSH and Local Health Traditions Under National Rural Health Mission- Report of a Study; National Health Systems Resource Centre, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare Government of India New Delhi; 2010 WHO traditional medicine strategy 2002-2005. Document WHO/EDM/TRM/2002.

10. Aroma therapy • AROMA indicates Fragrance & therapy denotes treatment. • The therapy in which Aromatic material is used called Aromatherapy.

11. Four major areas of applications

12. Aroma Therapy – Historical Perspective

13. Aroma therapy - Historical outlook • Antiquity of use of medicinal and aromatic plants, poly herbal, mineral based formulations for therapeutic and cosmetic purpose goes back to the Vedic period • Vedic literatures recount about • Nutritive • Immune enhancing actions attributed to aromatic properties ‘SugandhimPustivardhanam’

14. Aroma therapy - Historical outlook • A mention of importance of cosmetics is highlighted in Mantras and descriptions on gods and goddesses. • Number of Aromatic plants/ preparations have been in use for • Psychosomatic disorders • As antimicrobial agents • As antiseptics

15. Aroma therapy - Historical outlook • Description of medicinal and cosmetic utility plants viz • Kustha (Sassurealappa) • Chandana (Santalam album) • Kumkum (Crocus sativus) can be traced from oldest Indian literatures like Upanishads, epics, etc. • Many cosmetics are described which are aromatic in nature.

16. Aroma therapy - Historical outlook • Lord Dhanvantari the God of Ayurveda is the Incarnation of Lord Vishnu. • Their description denotes the importance and uses of Aromatic material like • KasturiTilakam • ChandanLepanam etc. • Gandhamadan, a mountain named after so, harboring ample fragrant plants (Ramayan, Vagbhata)

17. Aroma therapy - Historical outlook ANTI MICROBIAL ACTIVITY

18. Aroma therapy - Historical outlook ANTI MICROBIAL ACTIVITY

19. Aroma therapy - Historical outlook

20. Aroma therapy - Historical outlook ANTI MICROBIAL ACTIVITY

21. Aroma therapy - Historical outlook

22. Concept of Aroma in Ayurveda • Aroma - as an integral component of PrithviMahabhuta attributed with GandhaGuna (fragrance) • Categorized as • Surabhi (compatible ) • Asurabhi(incompatible) • Therapeutic Value:A number of aromatic plant, animal & mineral sources attributed with medicinal value. • Relevance in Anatomical applications (PhanaMarma)

23. Concept…. • Specific pharmaceutical dosage forms to retain the aroma of the drugs. (Arka, Hima, Phanta etc.) • Numerous pharmaceutical & clinical applications • Special routes of administration of dosage forms pertaining to aromatic properties • Personal, Social & Environmental Hygiene and preventive health care

24. Applications of Aroma Therapy in Ayurveda • Ayurvedic literatures mention the following wide-ranging applications of Aroma in Health Care System: • Preventive health • Environmental Health • Public health • Pharmaceuticals • Therapeutics

25. Applications in Preventive Health • Utility of garlands enriched with aromatic flowers as a part of daily regime (Ch. Su. 5/96) • Inhaling flavors/fumes of aromatic medicinal plants as a daily regime • Prescribed to stay in gardens having aromatic flowers in summer seasons as a part of seasonal regime • Fumigation of clothing with aromatic plants/products • Avoidance of exposure to excessive/improper smells/flavors

26. Applications in Environmental & Public Health • Purification of waterwith aromatic herbs • Fumigating the environment with aromatic plants/products to prevent epidemics/infectious diseases • Sterilizing the labour rooms, Pediatric wards & OTs with antimicrobial aromatic plants (DashangDhoopa)

27. Applications in Pharmaceutics • Evolution of specialized dosage forms for aromatic herbs to retain their medicinal properties (Arka etc.) • Fumigating the containers with aromatic plants/products to prevent contamination & infestations • Sterilizing the Drug store rooms, with Anti-microbial aromatic plants • Determining the pharmaceutical specifications/end-points of manufacturing processes of various dosage forms (Avaleha & medicated oil/ghee etc)

28. Applications in Pharmaceutics • Addition of aromatic excipients/Treatment of distillates of aromatic medicinal herbs according to targeted indications (Arka) - For Vata Disorders : Guggulu - For Pitta Disorders : Chandana - For Kapha Disorders : Jatamamsi • Use of aromatic excipients for patients’ compliance/acceptability • Treating the oils with aromatic plants/products before utilizing them for manufacture (taila and ghritamurchana)

29. Applications in Therapeutics • Fumigation for wound-healing • Fumigation to prevent & manage infectious & contagious diseases • Induction of emesis (Madanaphala-Lotus) • Aphrodisiac agents Nardostachysjatamansi

30. Applications in Therapeutics • Nasal Administration of certain medicaments • Management of headache • Management of psychotic disorders to restore the consciousness e.g. Restoring consciousness of Lakshman is an example of application of aromatic nasal medicaments as narrated in Ramayana.

31. Some ayurvedic Aromatic Medicinal Plants

32. Some ayurvedic Aromatic Medicinal Plants

33. Some ayurvedic Aromatic Medicinal Plants

34. Some ayurvedic Aromatic Medicinal Plants

35. Some ayurvedic Aromatic Medicinal Plants

36. Therapeutic Values Of Essential OILS

37. Therapeutic Values Of Essential OILS • Arkaprakasha, ancient book on Ayurveda contributed by Ravana has elaborated the importance of - therapeutic utility of essential oils -pharmaceutical SOPs for preparations of distillates from aromatic plants for topical and internal use.

38. Role of Essential oils in Aroma therapy • Skin health care • Emotional care(Relieving stress) • Respiratory diseases • Muscular pain • Digestive disorders • Anti-inflammatory • Hormonal balance

39. Role of Aroma…… • Aroma therapy may acts as: • An add on or adjuvant therapy with conventional medicine • Supports emotionally during main therapy

40. Classification of Aromatic Drugs Aromatic Drugs may be Organic or Inorganic Organic –Animal Origin • Musk • Ambar (Dried Intestinal material of whale) Inorganic • Clay from specific places like PadmajPanka. (Mud surrounding Lotus). • MultaniMitti

41. Herbal & other material • Pandanusodorotissinus – ketaki • Jasminumofficinale – Jati • Rosa centifolia – Taruni • Cinnamomum – Dalchini • CumminSeeds – Jiram • Alpiniagalanga– Kulinjan’

42. Herbal & other material • CyperusRotundus – Nut grass • Curcuma longa – Haldi • Sussurealappa – kushtha • Nelumbonucifera –Sacred lotus • SantalumAlbum – Sandlewood • Citrus medica – Matulunga • Aqualariaagollocha – Agaru • Crocus sativus – Kesar

43. Curcuma longa

44. Herbal & other material • Pterocarpussantalum – Red Sandal • Buteamonosperma – Palash • Nymphaeastellata – Nilkamal • Zingiberofficinale - Dry ginger • CidrusDeodara– Deodar • Micheliachapaca – Champa

45. Herbal & other material • Vetiverazizanioidis – Ushira • Shorearobusta - Sarjarasa (Ral) • Piper longum – Pippali • Piper nigrum – Maricha • Madhucaindica– Mahuva • Cinnamonumtamala- Tejpatra

46. Herbal & other material • Mesuaferrea – Nagkesar • Callicarpamacrophylla – Priyangu • Psoraliacorylifolia – Bakuchi • Feronialimonia – Kapitthapatra • Nardostachysjatamansi – Jatamansi • Anethumsova – Shatpushpa • Ellettariacardamonum – Ela • Parmeliaperlata – stone flowers (clove)

47. Mesuaferrea Nardostachysjatamansi

48. Ayurvedic preparations containing Aromatic herbs • Most of the above class drugs are described in many diseases • But their main use is in • Respiratory • Cardiac • Aphrodisiac • Cosmetic & • Oral preparations

49. Respiratory Aromatic Preparations • Karpurasava • Trijatakvati • Tulsitailam, • Jivandhara inhalation

50. Cardiac Aromatic Preparations • Cinnamonumcamphora • Preparations • Kasturibhairav Rasa, • Kasturibhushan rasa • BrihatDrakshasava • VidariGhritam • Kesharadivati • Chaturbhujrasa