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The Blood

Blood is a vital liquid connective tissue that plays essential roles in the body. It consists of plasma, erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and thrombocytes (platelets). Blood transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste while regulating body temperature and pH balance. Understanding its physical characteristics, formed elements, and functions is crucial in hematology. This overview covers blood components, their anatomy, and related disorders like anemia and leukopenia, providing insight into the complexities of this vital fluid.

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The Blood

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  1. The Blood

  2. Blood • Liquid connective tissue • Hemotology: study of blood, flood forming tissues, and associated disorders

  3. Physical Characteristics • Red Viscous Fluid • Temperature is 38 degrees Celsius or 100.4 degrees Farienheit • pH 7.35-7.45 • Salt Content: .8 - .9 % • Approximately 8% of body mass • Volume 5-6 Liters (10-12 pints)

  4. Functions 1. Transport: • A. Gasses: oxygen and carbon dioxide • B. Nutrients • C. Wastes • D. Regulating factors: hormones and enzymes • Heat dissipation • Maintenance of Acid/Base equilibrium • Protects from loss of volume (clotting mechanisms • Protection from disease/toxins/microbes

  5. Formed Elements • 1. Erythrocytes ( Red blood corpusels) RBC’s • Most abundant • Females: 4.9 million/drop • Males: 5 million/drop • Biconcave disc • 1.1 x 7.7 x 2.2 micrometers • Flexible membrane (bag of hemoglobin (Hb) no nucleus) • Fetal hemoglobin is replaced by adult Hb

  6. Hemoglobin • Heme: iron = oxygen carrier • Globin: protein • Hb + Oxgen = oxyhemoglobin • 90% of oxygen is carried this way • Hb + Carbon dixoide = carboxyhemoglobin • 30% of carbon dioxide is carried this way • The rest is HCO3 anion dissolved

  7. Red Blood Cell • Life span: 120 days • Then removed by macrophages in the spleen, liver or one marrow • Hemoglobin is then converted by the liver to billirubin • RBC are produced and destroyed at 2 million/second • Erythropoeisis: RBC formation • Stimulated by a lack of oxygen in tissues (hypoxia) • Kidney’s release Renal Erythropoetic factor- which stimulates plasma protein to become Erythropeotin- which stimulated the bone marrow

  8. Hematocrit (HCt) • Measure of the % of RBC’s present : • Females: 40-54 % • Males: 38-47% • Anemia: lack of circulating Red Blood Cells • Polycythemia: excess of Red Blood Cells

  9. Formed Elements The Anatomy of Red Blood Cells Figure 11-2

  10. Leukocytes: WBC • Have a nucleus • No definite shape • Exhibit ameoboid action(move independently)

  11. Types of Leukocytes • Granulocytes- formed in bone marrow • Neutrophils: most numerous 60-70% • phagocytic cells • Contain amino acids with a wide range of antibiotic activity B. Eosinophils ( acidophiles) release chemical inhibitors that combat histamines, leave the vessel to phagocytes immune complexes produced by allergic response and specific parasitic infections 2-4 % of WBC’s C. Basophils: tissue mass cells that release histamine and seratonin, initiate and intensify the immune response (.5 to 1% of WBC) short life span

  12. Agranulocytes (lymphatic tissue) • Lymphocytes: responsible for specific immunity by antibiotics and sensitized cells • 20-25% of WBC count long life span (years) E. Monocytes: large phagocytes activated by invasion of foreign protein 3-8% of WBC count Normal WBC count: 5,000 to 10,000/drop Leukopenia- abnormally low level of WBC Leukocytosis- increased (desired) in the number of WBC’s (means body is fighting off disease) Leukemia- malignancy- loss of control over the # and maturity of WBC’s

  13. Thrombocytes: formed element platelets: round/oval disk without a nucleus fragile membrane Function: 1. initiate clotting mechanism 2. 5-9 day life span 3. 250,000 to 400,000/drop

  14. Matrix: Plasma • Makes up 55% of whole blood • Components • 1. water= 91.5% • 2. proteins= 7% • Albumin- osmotic pressure • Globulins- antibodies produced by plamsa cells • Fibrogens- formed in the liver • 3. Non-protein/Nitrogen Solutes • NPN waste products (urea, uric acid, creatine) • 4. Nutrients: fatty acids • Glycerol, glucose, amino acids, • Ions sodium, potasium, clorine, phosphate, calcium • 5. Regulating Factors; endocrine hormones, enzymes, vitamins

  15. Hemostasis (stop the bleeding) • 1. Vascular Spasm: when damage occurs: the smooth muscle in a blood vessel wall contracts- stopping or reducing blood flow for 30 minutes • 2. Platelet Plug- (capillaries) when thrombocytes come in contact with rough surfaces they become sticky adhering to the vessel wall and each other • Stops bleeding in capillaries and small vessels • 3. Coagulation “cascade reaction” Syneresis: loss of water by fibrin pulls wound edges together. Plasminogen: plasmin dissolves the clot Embolus: clot that travels Coronary embolism Pulmonary embolism Cranial embolism (CVA) stroke

  16. The Structure of a Blood Clot Figure 11-9

  17. Blood Types Agglutination: clumping of incompatible blood types RBC: agglutinogens A, B Type A: AA, AO Type B: BB, BO Type AB: AB Type O: OO ( Drawing)

  18. Rh Factor: D • ++, +-, -- • Erythroblastosis Fetalis: destruction of Fetal Rh+ RBC in an Rh- mother, may result in anemia or death • Rhogam to prevent

  19. Other Blood Group Markers MN Blood Group co-dominant M (mm) N (nn) MN (mn) autosomal not significant in transfusions HLA – Human Leukocyte Antigen 30,000,000 HLA Genotypes Rejection of Tissues

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