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The Age of Enlightenment

The Age of Enlightenment. 1700-1789. Objective. To understand the ideas behind the Age of Enlightenment To understand how those ideas affected politics and society. The Age of Enlightenment. A period of intellectual exchange in Europe during the 18 th century “Progress”

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The Age of Enlightenment

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  1. The Age of Enlightenment 1700-1789

  2. Objective • To understand the ideas behind the Age of Enlightenment • To understand how those ideas affected politics and society

  3. The Age of Enlightenment • A period of intellectual exchange in Europe during the 18th century • “Progress” • A desire for political and social change

  4. The Age of Enlightenment • What made the Enlightenment possible?

  5. The Philosophes (Fee-luh-zawes) • Intellectuals who discussed ideas • Used reason to explain their world • Believed that Reason could improve society • Believed in tolerance for all religions

  6. The Philosophes: How might the Salon encourage the free exchange of ideas?

  7. Voltaire (1694-1778) • French intellectual who criticized French society

  8. Voltaire • He was critical of intolerance and of attempts to suppress personal freedoms. • “I may disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.” • He championed the cause of religious freedom and freedom of thought.

  9. John Locke (1632-1704)

  10. John Locke (1632-1704) • Treatises on Government: that individual rights were superior to laws and governments. • Essay on Human Understanding • “Tabula Rasa”

  11. Denis Diderot (1713-1784) • Published the Encyclopedia in 1772 • Attempt to compile information on everything

  12. Denis Diderot (1713-1784)

  13. The Encyclopedia

  14. Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755) • French political philosopher • The Spirit of the Laws: tried to describe the perfect government. • He believed in a division of government into three branches. Checks and balances. Executive, legislative, and judicial branches

  15. Baron de Montesquieu(1689-1755)

  16. Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677) • Jewish philosopher in Amsterdam • Belief in religious toleration

  17. Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677)

  18. Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) • The Social Contract (1762) Believed that all people are naturally good, but that environment, education, and laws corrupt them. • The “General Will” • Good Gov’t was popular sovereignty: that gov’t must be created by and controlled by the people.

  19. Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)

  20. Adam Smith (1723-1790) • First modern economist • The Wealth of Nations (1776) • Laissez-Faire

  21. Adam Smith (1723-1790)

  22. The Wealth of Nations

  23. Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797) • Wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Women • Founder of modern feminism • That men as well as women should be equal and enjoy the same rights!

  24. Mary Wollstonecraft(1759-1797)

  25. The American Revolution • Was the American Revolution just a revolt against British taxation? • How was it based on Enlightenment principles? • In what ways is the Declaration of Independence based on John Locke’s Treatises on Government?

  26. Conclusion • The Enlightenment was a period of intellectual exchange in Europe during the 18th century • Several factors contributed to the Enlightenment • Philosophes expressed desire for social and political change

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