14 th Amendment

1. Mariah Culpepper Micah Ernst Meredith Barnett Jessica Murray Sabrina Charles Carolyn Philip 14th Amendment

2. The 14th Amendment • Amendment XIV was proposed in 1866 and then ratified in 1868. • Section 1 is usually seen as the most important. • The other sections impact us as well. • It can be easily misinterpreted.

3. The 14th Amendment • Plessy vs. Ferguson started the movement towards total desegregation. • Brown vs. Board of Education was successful due to the work of Homer Plessy, even though he lost. • Ruby Bridges proved how wrong segregation was. • Allan Bakke showed us the “other hand” of the 14th amendment. • Gratz vs. Bollinger is the most recent case involving the 14th to date, and how it can impact us in a couple of years.

4. Plessy Vs. Ferguson • Homer Adolph Plessy • 30 year old shoemaker • 1/8 Black ( he had an African American grandmother) • The Citizens Committee and him felt that he should test the Separate Car Act. • An Act stating that everything would be “ Separate but equal” meaning whites had to sit in the white car and blacks in the black car. • Anyone who did not follow the act would receive a $25 fine or 20 days in jail.

5. On June 7 1892 Plessy was arrested • Albion W. Tourgée was appointed attorney to the case with help from the Citizens’ Committee • He had previously won cases of the same style • They went to court and argued that Plessy rights were violated. • Under the Thirteenth and Fourteenth amendments. • John Howard Ferguson was the judge of the case which found Plessy guilty. • At first he was against the Separate Car Act but later changed his mind • When Plessy's case got to him he surprisingly ruled against him, before quoting “ unconstitutional on trains that traveled thorough serval states”. • He said that it is constitutional when traveling in the same state.

6. Plessy was not ready to be stopped and appealed his case to the Supreme Court. • In 1896 the majority 7/8 found him guilty also . • Holding firm to the previous ruling from Ferguson. • His case did not change anything to say the least at least during the 1890’s

7. Brown Vs. Board of Education • In 1951, this class action suit was filed against the Board of Education of the City of Topeka, Kansas • Plaintiffs believed that the school board’s idea of racial separation while still being treated equally was not fairly executed, as it said it was • In Virginia, Senator Harry F. Byrd Sr. organized the Massive Resistance movement that included the closing of schools rather than desegregating them • The complaints against the reason for this case were not just concerned with children and schools, it had to do with human tendencies to prejudge, discriminate against and stereotype based on ethnicities. • Case representatives were recruited by the leadership of the Topeka NAACP • After the victory of this case, it paved the way for integration in the Civil Rights movement

8. Brown Vs. Board of Education • Oliver L Brown – was a parent, a welder and an assistant pastor at his local church • Also an African American • His daughter, an African American third grader was required to walk six blocks in order to get to her bus stop to go to a black elementary school, Monroe Elementary, which was a mile away from her home • A white school, Summer Elementary was only seven blocks from her house, but she was not able to attend • Each parent attempted to enroll their children in the nearest school to their homes, segregated or not

9. Brown Vs. Board of Education • This case was not the first challenge to school segregation. • As early as 1849, African Americans filed suit against an educational system that mandated racial segregation, in the case of Roberts v. City of Boston. • The Supreme Court combined five other cases under Brown vs. Board of Education • The combined cases came from states such as Delaware, Kansas, South Carolina, Virginia and Washington DC • Dates back to the Plessy vs. Fergusun case in 1896

10. Ruby Bridges 1960 • Ruby Bridges’ family moved to New Orleans, LA when people wanted to keep blacks and whites separate • She took a test for black kindergarteners to see who would attend an integrated school, and passed • She was one of the first blacks to go to an all white school, William Frantz School • When Ruby started first grade U.S. marshals escorted her to and from school

11. Ruby Bridges • On her first day, most of the white parents did not bring their children to school • On her second day, no white parents would allow their children to be in the same classroom as her • There was no one in her class the rest of the year and she was taught on a different floor than everyone • Her teacher Mrs. Henry was supportive but, the principal and many teachers didn’t think she should be taught with white children

12. Ruby Bridges • Ruby’s struggle made it easier for blacks to go to white schools and get a better education • Her role in the Civil Rights Movement also helped improve relations between blacks and whites

13. Regents of the University of California vs. Bakke • The Medical School of the University of California at Davis had two admissions programs for the entering class of 100 students • The regular admissions program and the special admissions program. • Under the regular procedure, candidates whose overall undergraduate grade point averages fell below 2.5 on a scale of 4.0 were summarily rejected. • About one out of six applicants was then given an interview, following which he was rated on a scale of 1 to 100 by each of the committee members

14. Regents of the University of California vs. Bakke • Allan Bakke, a thirty-five-year-old white man, had twice applied for admission to the University of California Medical School at Davis. • Both times he was rejected acceptance • Bakke's qualifications exceeded those of any of the minority students admitted in the two years Bakke's applications were rejected. • He then filed this action in state court for mandatory declaratory relief to force his admission to Davis, claiming that the special admissions program operated to exclude him on the basis of his race in violating the laws

15. Regents of the University of California vs. Bakke • The Petitioner cross-claimed for a declaration that its special admissions program was lawful. • The trial court found that the special program operated as a racial quota, because minority applicants in that program were rated only against one another, and 16 places in the class of 100 were reserved for them. • Declaring that petitioner could not take race into account in making admissions decisions, the program was held to violate the Federal and State Constitutions and Title VI • Since petitioner could not please its burden of demonstrating that respondent, absent the special program, would not have been admitted • The court ordered his admission to Davis

16. Gratz Vs. Bollinger • Case based off of University of Michigan affirmative action point system • Jennifer Gratz against the 14th amendment • Ruled unconstitutional on June 23, 2003

17. Affirmative action Uproar

18. Mr. Baker American Government 7th Hour This concludes our session on School Desegregation