Reproductive System

1. Reproductive System Objectives: 12.0 Identify structures and functions of the reproductive system 12.1 Differentiating between male and female reproductive systems 12.3 Identifying disorders of the reproductive systemExamples: endometriosis, sexually transmitted diseases, prostate cancer

2. Preassessment Quiz What is a male sex cell called? What is the male primary sex organ? What do the primary sex organs do? Name 2 internal male accessory organs. Name 2 external male accessory organs. What is a female sex cell called? What is the female primary sex organ? Name 2 internal female accessory organs. Name 2 external female accessory organs.

3. Organs of the Male Reproductive System • Label and color Figure 19.1

4. 1.Testes • Enclosed in a tough, white, fibrous capsule (tunica albuginea) within the scrotum(2.) • Connective tissue thickens along inferior border of capsule and projects into testis, dividing it into 250 lobules • Each lobule contains 1-4 highly convoluted seminiferous tubules.

5. Testes, continued….. • Seminiferous tubules join in a complex network called the rete testis. • Ducts branching off the rete testis join a single, convoluted tube called the epididymis (3.) • Once the epididymis straightens, it becomes the vas deferens (4.)

6. Structure of the Testes, continued….. • What does spermatogenicmean? • Inside the seminiferous tubules: • Spermatogenic cells (specialized epithelial cells) line the walls. • They form sperm cells that collect in the lumen of the tubule. • Between the tubules are interstitial cells (“cells of Leydig”), which produce male sex hormones.

8. Testicular Cancer • Arises from the epithelial cells of the seminiferous tubules. (What are the names of these cells?) • Signs: • Painless swelling of the testis • Scrotal mass attached to the testis • Treatments: • Surgical removal of testis • Radiation and/or chemotherapy

9. Formation of Sperm Cells • Where are they formed??? • Males produce sperm cells continually throughout their reproductive lives. • They collect in the lumen and pass to the epididymis, where they mature and accumulate.

10. Formation of Sperm Cells, continued….. • 3 main parts: • Head • Mainly a nucleus containing 23 chromosomes • Acrosome – a projection at the end of the head that contains enzymes to assist in penetrating an egg • Midpiece - contains many mitochondria • Tail - flagella; function????

11. Spermatogenesis • Mitosis vs. meisosis

12. Spermatogenesis, continued…..

13. Male Internal Accessory Organs • Epididymis • Vas deferens • Seminal vesicle • Prostate gland • Bulbourethral glands • Semen (*)

14. 3. Epididymis • Convoluted tube that is connected to ducts within the testis, emerges from the top of the testis, descends along the posterior surface of the testis, and ascends to become the vas deferens. • Immature, nonmotile sperm mature as they are moved through the epididymis.

15. 4. Vas deferens • Travels from epididymis to just behind the bladder • Unites with the duct of a seminal vesicle(5) to form an ejaculatory duct (6) • Ejaculatory duct passes through the prostate gland (7) and empties into the urethra (8)

16. 5. Seminal vesicle • Convoluted sac-like structure attached to the vas deferens near the base of the urinary bladder • Secretes: • a slightly alkaline fluid to regulate pH of tubular contents • fructose to provide energy to sperm cells • prostaglandins to stimulate muscular contractions in female reproductive organs to help move sperm cells

17. 7. Prostate Gland • Chestnut-shaped structure that surrounds proximal portion of urethra • Ducts open into urethra • Secretes thin, milky, alkaline fluid • Neutralizes acidic fluid containing sperm cells • Neutralizes acidic vaginal secretions • Enhances motility of sperm cells

18. 10. Bulbourethral Glands • AKA, Cowper’s glands • Located inferiorly to the prostate gland, within muscle fibers of external urethral sphincter • Secretes mucuslike fluid to lubricate the end of the penis for sexual intercourse • (As always, females do most of the work of producing lubricating fluid. :)

19. Semen • The fluid the male urethra releases during ejaculation • Consists of: • Sperm cells • Secretions of the seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands • About 120 million sperm cells/mL semen • 2-5 mL semen released at a time

20. Enlarged Prostate Gland • Where is the prostate gland located??? • So, what would happen if the prostate gland became enlarged? • Testing for prostate cancer: • Rectal exam • PSA (prostate-specific antigen) blood test to check for a cell surface protein found on prostate cells • Ultrasound

21. Treatment Options for Enlarged Prostate Gland • Surgical removal of prostate • Radiation • Microwave energy delivered through a probe inserted into the urethra or rectum • Freeze tumor with liquid nitrogen delivered by a probe through the skin • Others

22. Male External Accessory Organs • Scrotum • Penis

23. 2. Scrotum • 1.Pouch of skin that houses the testes • 2. Medial septum divides it into 2 chambers • 3. Protects and aids in temperature regulation of the testes

24. 11. Penis • Conveys urine and semen through the urethra to the outside • The body (shaft) has 3 columns of erectile tissue: • A pair of dorsally located corpora cavernosa (12) • A single, ventralcorpus spongiosum (13)

25. 11. Penis, continued….. • Corpus spongiosum: • Urethra passes through it • Enlarges at distal end to form the glans penis (14) • Glans penis • Covers the ends of the corpora cavernosa • Bears urethral opening (orifice) • Contains sensory receptors • Prepuce (15)– fold of skin that covers the glans penis; removed in circumcision

26. Erection, Orgasm, and Ejaculation • Sexual stimulation leads to parasympathetic nerve impulses from the spinal cord to release NO, a vasodilator. • Arteries leading to the penis dilate. • Pressure from arterial blood filling the vascular spaces of erectile tissue compress the penis veins. • Venous blood cannot flow out of the penis, erectile tissue fills, and an erection is produced.

27. Erection, Orgasm, and Ejaculation, continued….. • Emission and ejaculation accompany male orgasm. • Emission: the movement of sperm cells from the testes and secretions from the prostate gland and seminal vesicles into the urethra. • Ejaculation: the process of forcing semen through the urethra to the outside

28. Erection, Orgasm, and Ejaculation, continued….. • Emission and ejaculation events occur so that: • Fluid from bulbourethral glands is expelled first • Fluid from the prostate gland is released next • Then sperm cells • Lastly, fluid from the seminal vesicles

29. Erection, Orgasm, and Ejaculation, continued….. • Following ejaculation: • Arteries that supply erectile tissue contract, • Veins of the penis “drain” the spaces of the erectile tissue, • Penis returns to flaccid state

30. Hormonal Control of Male Reproductive Functions • Hormones are secreted by: • Hypothalamus • Anterior pituitary gland • Testes • Functions: • Development of sperm cells • Development of secondary sex characteristics

31. Hypothalamic and Pituitary Hormones • Hypothalamus secretes gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) to anterior pituitary gland • In response, anterior pituitary gland secretes gonadotropins: • Luteinizing hormone (LH) • Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), aka interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH)

32. Hypothalamic and Pituitary Hormones, continued….. • FSH (ICSH) promotes development of ___________. • Testicular interstitial cells secrete male sex hormones. • LH stimulates supporting cells of seminiferous tubules to respond to testosterone.

33. Hypothalamic and Pituitary Hormones, continued….. • FSH + testosterone + supporting cells stimulate spermatogenic cells to give rise to ______________. • Supporting cells secrete inhibin, a hormone which inhibits the anterior pituitary gland, preventing secretion of FSH.

34. Male Sex Hormones • Called “Androgens” (???) • Where are they produced? • Most in testicular interstitial cells, but small amounts in adrenal cortex • What is the main male sex hormone? • Testosterone production begins before birth, continues a few weeks after, and then ceases until puberty.

35. Actions of Testosterone • Stimulates enlargement of testes and male accessory organs • Stimulates development of male secondary sex characteristics: • Increased growth of body hair • Enlargement of the larynx and thickening of the vocal cords • Thickening of the skin • Muscle growth, widening of shoulders, narrowing of waist • Thickening and strengthening of bones

36. Actions of Testosterone, continued….. • Increases rate of cellular metabolism • Increases rate of RBC production

37. Regulation of Male Sex Hormones • More testosterone = more developed secondary sex characteristics • Increased levels of testosterone inhibit the hypothalamus. • What effects would inhibition of the hypothalamus have?

38. Organs of the Female Reproductive System • Label Figure 19.7

39. 1. Ovaries • Ovarian tissues are subdivided: • Inner medulla • Outer ______ • Ovarian cortex appears granular due to tiny masses of cells called ovarian follicles (19).

40. Ovaries, continued….. • Primordial(???) follicles: • Form before birth • Found in outer region of cortex • Each contains a SINGLE primary oocyte, surrounded by follicular cells (specialized epithelial cells) • No new primary follicles are formed during life. • Millions of oocytes at birth; 400,00 at puberty; 400-500 released during reproductive years

41. Oogenesis: • The process of egg cell formation

42. Follicular Maturation

43. Ovulation • The process of releasing a secondary oocyte (18) and its associated polar body from the ovary

44. Female Internal Accessory Organs • Uterine tubes • Uterus • Vagina

45. 2. Uterine Tubes • Opens near the ovaries and travels medially into the uterus • Infundibulum (16): the funnel-shaped end of the uterine tube at the ovary • Fimbriae (3): finger-like projections at the end of the infundibulum

46. Uterine Tubes, continued….. • Oocytes are moved into and along the tubes by: • Ciliated epithelial cells • Peristaltic contractions • Fertilization occurs in the uterine tubes, and the oocyte becomes an egg (ovum)

47. 4. Uterus • Hollow, muscular, pear-shaped organ • Located medially in the anterior portion of the pelvic cavity • Body of the uterus (22): upper 2/3 • Cervix (5): • lower 1/3 • Connects to vagina (6) • Cervical orifice (24): opening from uterus to vagina

48. Uterine Wall • Endometrium(20)– mucosal layer • Myometrium(21) - _______ layer • Perimetrium(23) – serosal (thin, watery-filled) layer

49. 6. Vagina • Fibromuscular tube that extends from the uterus to the outside of the body • Located posterior to urinary bladder (11) and urethra (12), and anterior to rectum (14) (see Fig. 19.7 diagram) • Functions: • Conveys uterine secretions • Receives penis during intercourse • Channel for birth

50. Vaginal Wall • Inner mucosal layer • LACKS mucosal glands • Mucous comes from uterine glands and vestibular glands at mouth of vagina • Middle muscular layer • Mostly smooth muscle (involuntary) • Bulbospongiosus muscle (voluntary) closes off vaginal orifice (7)