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Knowler (2) 2002 Lindstrom 2006 Penn 2009 Penn 2013 Overall (I-squared 1.41%, p = 0.703)

Group 1: physical activity ± diet. Study ID OR(95%C.I.) % weight. Knowler (2) 2002 Lindstrom 2006 Penn 2009 Penn 2013 Overall (I-squared 1.41%, p = 0.703). 0.42(0.32,0.54) 50.82 0.53(0.37,0.76) 24.89 0.40(0.13,1.23) 2.54 0.40(0.27,0.58) 21.75

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Knowler (2) 2002 Lindstrom 2006 Penn 2009 Penn 2013 Overall (I-squared 1.41%, p = 0.703)

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  1. Group 1: physical activity ± diet Study ID OR(95%C.I.) % weight Knowler (2) 2002 Lindstrom 2006 Penn 2009 Penn 2013 Overall (I-squared 1.41%, p = 0.703) 0.42(0.32,0.54) 50.82 0.53(0.37,0.76) 24.89 0.40(0.13,1.23) 2.54 0.40(0.27,0.58) 21.75 0.44(0.36,0.52) 100.00 0.127 7.9

  2. Group 2: antidiabetic drugs Study ID OR(95%C.I.) % weight Buchanan 2002 Knowler (1) 2002 Chiasson 2002 Gerstein 2006 Holman 2010 deFronzo 2011 Gerstein (1) 2011 Overall (I-squared 195.01%, p = 0.001) 0.41(0.16,1.02) 10.00 0.73(0.57,0.92) 15.33 0.65(0.52,0.81) 15.40 0.30(0.25,0.35) 15.59 1.09(1.00,1.19) 15.85 0.26(0.14,0.47) 12.73 0.58(0.44,0.77) 15.11 0.53(0.33,0.86) 100.00 0.142 7.03

  3. Group 3: antihypertensive drugs Study ID OR(95%C.I.) % weight Bosch 2006 McMurray 2010 Gerstein 2011 Overall (I-squared 1.62%, p = 0.444) 0.87(0.73,1.03) 18.54 0.84(0.77,0.91) 74.44 1.01(0.46,1.33) 7.02 0.86(0.80,0.92) 100.00 0.758 1.32

  4. Group 4: lipid-lowering and weight-lowering drugs Study ID OR(95%C.I.) % weight Torgerson 2004 Tenenbaum 2005 Garvey (7.5/46) 2014 Garvey (15/92) 2014 Overall (I-squared 6.52%, p = 0.089) 0.64(0.49,0.84) 47.33 0.62(0.39,0.98) 33.26 0.28(0.08,0.94) 9.09 0.20(0.06,0.61) 10.32 0.52(0.35,0.78) 100.00 0.0725 13.8

  5. Group 5: bariatric surgery Study ID OR(95%C.I.) % weight 0.03(0.00,0.28) 26.70 0.04(0.00,0.74) 18.69 0.25(0.20,0.31) 54.61 0.10(0.02,0.49) 100.00 Long 1994 Pontiroli 2005 Carlsson 2012 Overall (I-squared 13.32%, p = 0.010) 0.0021 477.0

  6. Number of studies = 4 Root MSE = .3896 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Std_Eff | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- slope | .4397408 .0914441 4.81 0.041 .0462886 .833193 bias | .0039182 .4934619 0.01 0.994 -2.119277 2.127114 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Test of H0: no small-study effects P = 0.994 Group 1. physical activity ± diet

  7. Number of studies = 7 Root MSE = 2.962 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Std_Eff | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- slope | 1.159168 .1754589 6.61 0.001 .7081368 1.6102 bias | -3.96562 1.94768 -2.04 0.097 -8.972289 1.04105 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Test of H0: no small-study effects P = 0.097 Group 2. anti-diabetic drugs

  8. Number of studies = 3 Root MSE = .3963 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Std_Eff | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- slope | .7711677 .0340938 22.62 0.028 .3379652 1.20437 bias | 1.454751 .5242028 2.78 0.220 -5.205876 8.115379 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Test of H0: no small-study effects P = 0.220 Group 3. anti-hypertensive drugs

  9. Number of studies = 4 Root MSE = .2007 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Std_Eff | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- slope | .7663119 .0426243 17.98 0.003 .5829144 .9497094 bias | -.827103 .1888023 -4.38 0.048 -1.639454 -.0147524 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Test of H0: no small-study effects P = 0.048 Group 4. weight loss promoting drugs and lipid-lowering drugs

  10. Number of studies = 3 Root MSE = .0431 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Std_Eff | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- slope | .2709455 .0066163 40.95 0.016 .1868774 .3550136 bias | -.1847152 .0337603 -5.47 0.115 -.6136805 .2442501 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Test of H0: no small-study effects P = 0.115 Group 5. bariatric surgery

  11. Meta-regression: association of LogOR with duration of follow-up Meta-regression Number of obs = 21 REML estimate of between-study variance tau2 = .3463 % residual variation due to heterogeneity I-squared_res = 95.15% Proportion of between-study variance explained Adj R-squared = -3.59% With Knapp-Hartung modification ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ LogOR | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- fuy | -.0237158 .047372 -0.50 0.622 -.1222314 .0747997 _cons | -.7039946 .2644202 -2.66 0.015 -1.253886 -.1541027 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

  12. Meta-regression: association of LogOR with size of study Meta-regression Number of obs = 21 REML estimate of between-study variance tau2 = .317 % residual variation due to heterogeneity I-squared_res = 92.66% Proportion of between-study variance explained Adj R-squared = 5.18% With Knapp-Hartung modification ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ LogOR | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- pztotis | .0000799 .0000512 1.56 0.134 -.0000266 .0001863 _cons | -1.012498 .1904169 -5.32 0.000 -1.408492 -.6165047 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

  13. Meta-regression: association of LogOR with age of subjects age (y) Meta-regression Number of obs = 21 REML estimate of between-study variance tau2 = .2201 % residual variation due to heterogeneity I-squared_res = 90.77% Proportion of between-study variance explained Adj R-squared = 29.94% With Knapp-Hartung modification ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ LogOR | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- age | .0501022 .0185014 2.71 0.014 .0115089 .0886955 _cons | -3.422914 .9899975 -3.46 0.002 -5.488013 -1.357816 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

  14. Meta-regression: association of LogOR with fasting plasma glucose fpg (mmol) Meta-regression Number of obs = 21 REML estimate of between-study variance tau2 = .289 % residual variation due to heterogeneity I-squared_res = 92.36% Proportion of between-study variance explained Adj R-squared = 13.56% With Knapp-Hartung modification ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ LogOR | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- fpg | .419823 .2742253 1.53 0.141 -.1504596 .9901057 _cons | -3.157227 1.544534 -2.04 0.054 -6.369262 .0548075 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

  15. Meta-regression: association of LogOR with fasting plasma insulin Fasting insulin (mU/l) Meta-regression Number of obs = 12 REML estimate of between-study variance tau2 = .1117 % residual variation due to heterogeneity I-squared_res = 62.25% Proportion of between-study variance explained Adj R-squared = 58.80% With Knapp-Hartung modification -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- LogOR | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] ---------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- fpinsulin | -.1053278 .0297138 -3.54 0.004 -.1700687 -.0405869 _cons | .6264151 .5049321 1.24 0.238 -.4737375 1.726568 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

  16. Meta-regression: association of LogOR with change of body weight delta weight (kg) Meta-regression Number of obs = 20 REML estimate of between-study variance tau2 = .159 % residual variation due to heterogeneity I-squared_res = 92.44% Proportion of between-study variance explained Adj R-squared = 55.15% With Knapp-Hartung modification --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- LogOR | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] ----------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- Deltaweight | .0542766 .0116835 4.65 0.000 .0299053 .0786479 _cons | -.4717857 .1179605 -4.00 0.001 -.7178469 -.2257244 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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