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CH. 8 ARRIVAL IN CANADA

CH. 8 ARRIVAL IN CANADA. THE VIKINGS THE FIRST EUROPEANS. Based out of Scandinavia (Sweden, Norway, Denmark) Prior to 1000AD very warlike - set out to claim new land & riches. Leif Erikson to Newfoundland Conflicts with Natives caused them to leave.

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CH. 8 ARRIVAL IN CANADA

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  1. CH. 8 ARRIVAL IN CANADA

  2. THE VIKINGSTHE FIRST EUROPEANS • Based out of Scandinavia (Sweden, Norway, Denmark) • Prior to 1000AD very warlike - set out to claim new land & riches. • Leif Erikson to Newfoundland • Conflicts with Natives caused them to leave. Were the Vikings the first? Bering Strait Irish Monk L’Anse aux Meadows

  3. 1450-1600THE AGE OF EXPLORATION • Powerful monarchs to explore “The New Worlds” for legendary riches. • 1492 Columbus sails the ‘Ocean Blue’ • Trying to find a new route to Asia for Spain. • Soon Portugal, England, & France were all trying to find the ‘Northwest Passage’. Columbus Northwest Passage

  4. FIVE MAIN REASONSEUROPEANS CAME TO NORTH AMERICA • FISH • FUR • RELIGION • FARMING • PROFIT -LUMBER/MINERALS GRAND BANKS MISSIONARIES *BEAVER* FOOD/LAND TOBACCO *OAK*

  5. NORTH AMERICA • Eventually the exploring countries would lay claim to most of North America • Spain = South. • England = North and East coast. • France = St. Lawrence River region.

  6. DRAINAGE BASINS Highlands/Divides of N. America Rocky Mtns / Laurentian Highlands / Appalachians Drainage Basins European Possesions

  7. FRENCH EXPLORERS Verrazano Cartier • Verrazano sent first & proved N.A. = & continent not a series of islands as hoped. • Ten years later, Cartier sent & on second trip ventured up the St. Lawrence using Iroquois guides. • Kidnapped these guides and returned home. • Returned to establish settlement but relations with Iroquois strained -returned home with ‘GOLD’ (Fools Gold). First colony =failure!!

  8. THE START OF THE FUR TRADE = 130 4 FAIR ???

  9. THE FOUNDING OF NEW FRANCE • SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN • 1605 = Port Royal => abondoned 1607 • Soon to be renamed Acadia. • 1608 = Quebec City • Chosen for high cliffs - protection. • Allied with the Algonkians & Montagnais against the Iroquois. • ‘The Deal’ - do not trade with the English. • Later allied with the Huron as better traders. • Created an uneasy relationship with the Algonkians and Montagnais. ‘Father of Quebec’

  10. THE PEOPLE OF NEW FRANCE • The Company of Hundred Associates. • Required to bring settlers to Canada. • Establish seigneuries - feudal manors • Jesuits • To bring Catholicism to the Natives. • Go anywhere - do whatever it takes. • Coureurs De Bois • The muscle of the fur trade - went to the source • Officially illegal - often bribed officials. • 13 Colonies • The East Coast English Colonies. • Competed with the French.

  11. THE PEOPLE OF NEW FRANCE(continued) • Radisson & Groseilliers • French Coureur De Bois who turned to the English to utilize Hudson’s Bay. • Talon Jean - ‘The Intendant’ • Chief administrator to govern the local people (soldiers, bishop, peasants, filles du roi, etc. • Frontenac • First governor of the French colony. • Habitant • Peasant farmers given land for fees and service - feudalistic. • Lived on the seigneury.

  12. CANADA MOVES WEST

  13. REASONS TO MOVE WEST Canadian Beaver #1 Felt Hat = Social Status Made Beaver (MB) 1 Musket = 12 Made Beaver (MB) 4.5L Brandy = 1 MB 2 Hatchets = 1 MB 1 Blanket = 1 MB 1 White Fox Pelt = 1/3 MB

  14. BRITISH NORTH AMERICAThe Fur Trade • HBCo. • Paid by salary • “Stay ay at the Bay” policy • Discouraged alcohol • Discouraged fraternization • Better quality goods • Oldest continuous Co. in • the world. • NWCo. • -Paid by commission • Go to the source policy • Aggressive trade policy • Encouraged marriages • More expensive goods

  15. RIVALRY AND CONFLICT • FRENCH • Catholic • Hurons • Quebec • Pop. = 85, 000 • St. Lawrence • La Salle first??? • Forts / Buried • Plates • 1 yr. truce • ENGLISH • Protestant • Iroquois • 13 Colonies • Hudson’s Bay • Pop. = 1 Million • G. Washington • Forts / Settlement

  16. SEVEN YEARS WAR1756-1763 • Canada started in 1754 (9Yrs. War ???) • “Great War For Empire” • Not just a North American War • First world war - France Vs.England • Spices = East Indies • Sugar = West Indies • Fish, fur, and agriculture in North America

  17. THE LAST BATTLE : WOLFE VS. MONTCALM WOLFE’S COVE PLAINS OF ABRAHAM LOUISBOURG QUEBEC ACADIA 13 COLONIES

  18. THE LAST BATTLE • ENGLISH • Strong navy • Captured Louisbourg • Fr. = corrupt officials • Acadians expelled • Controlled St. Lawrence • FRENCH • Desperate • Knew St. Lawrence • Quebec = fortified/cliffs • Skilled warfare

  19. THE EXPLORERS

  20. AFTER THE FALL OF QUEBEC • England won and France lost all possessions. ROYAL PROCLAMATION • Pontiac united the Natives and rebelled against the English. • Royal Proclamation kept English out of Ohio River Valley. QUEBEC ACT • Kept French language • Recognized the Catholic Church • Kept French law system • Increased French boundaries (Ohio R. Valley)

  21. THE AMERICA REVOLUTION The American people risked everything and received: - Royal Proclamation - no Ohio R. Valley - Quebec Act - French = all rights - Stamp Act - Tax on everyday goods Boston Tea Party - Quartering Act - House British soldiers

  22. THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR • 1774 Americans stock piled weapons. • 1775 = one shot (???) started it all. • French Canada supported England. • France supported America. • 1776 Thomas Jefferson = American Declaration of Independence. • Loyalists - Americans who sided with England • Many moved to Canada • Would give rise to Upper Canada. • Patriots - persecuted the Loyalists. T. Jefferson Upper / Lower Canada UPPER & LOWER CANADA

  23. BRITISH NORTH AMERICA THE CONSTITUTIONAL ACT 1791 • Divided Quebec into Upper & Lower Canada (Ontario/Quebec) • Each had own gov’t. but governor could veto. • Catered to the wealthy. • Would eventually give rise to the rebellions of 1830.

  24. PIONEERS OF UPPER CANADA • By 1815 Upper Canada’s population went from 10 000 to 95 000 (1850 = 4x) • The French became worried. • Voyage from England = dreadful ie. Cholera • Black Loyalists escaped to Can. for land & freedom (100 000) • Simcoe = first governor. • Roads, native alliances, urged less slavery, established a militia -> all designed to protect Canada from the Americans.

  25. WAR OF 1812 REASONS FOR WAR • Brt.- U.S. relations strained. • Canada = closest thing to Brt. • Lost trade with Brt. Empire. • Britain at war with France. • Brt seized U.S. ships going to France. • Brt. Felt U.S. = threat to fur trade. • BNA pop. = 500 000 U.S.A. = 8 million • Maddison’s War Hawks promoted war against Canada. • Saw Brt. support of natives as hostile. • NOTE - New England wanted no war -> trade!!

  26. THE WAR OF 1812 • Had the Americans been united they probably would have won. • Ie New England opted out as wanted trade. • Brock & Tecumseh led Canada to early victories and convinced many to remain loyal. • Highlights - Laura Secord, • Canada burns Washington • Brt. sends more troops after Napoleon defeated. • Last major invasion of Canada. • Canada defeats the U.S.A. Brock & Tecumseh Laura Secord Can. burns Washington

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