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MICROALGAE BIODIESEL AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR JET FUEL

MICROALGAE BIODIESEL AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR JET FUEL. BY CHANDAN SOHI 4/28/2010. KEY ISSUES. DEPENDENCE ON FOREIGN OIL REPLACEMENT FUEL FOR GROUND TRANSPORTATION REPLACEMENT FUEL FOR AVIATION. WHY?. DEPLETING PETROLEUM RESOURCES INCREASING COMPETITION FOR THESE LIMITED RESOURCES.

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MICROALGAE BIODIESEL AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR JET FUEL

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  1. MICROALGAE BIODIESEL AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR JET FUEL BY CHANDAN SOHI 4/28/2010

  2. KEY ISSUES • DEPENDENCE ON FOREIGN OIL • REPLACEMENT FUEL FOR GROUND TRANSPORTATION • REPLACEMENT FUEL FOR AVIATION

  3. WHY? • DEPLETING PETROLEUM RESOURCES • INCREASING COMPETITION FOR THESE LIMITED RESOURCES

  4. Annual Energy Consumption Trends Annual energy consumption values for selected countries [3]

  5. THE REQUIREMENTS FFOR ANY NEW ALTERNATIVE FUEL • HOME GROWN • PRODUCED WITHIN THE US • PROVIDE POLITICAL AUTONOMY • 1973 OIL CRISIS /YOM KIPPUR WAR • ECONOMICALLY FEASIBLE • COMPETITIVE WITH PETROLEUM BASED FUELS • ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY • LOWER EMISSIONS • REDUCED CO2 LIFE CYCLE EMISSIONS • ONE OF THE LEADING SOURCES FOR GLOBAL WARMING

  6. OPTIONS • CRYOGENIC FUELS • LONG TERM • LIQUID HYDROGEN • LIQUID METHANE • TECHNOLOGICAL ISSUES

  7. OPTIONS • SYNTHETIC FUELS • JET A • SYNTHETIC PARRAFINIC KEROSENE • HIGH LEVELS OF CO2 EMISSIONS DURING PRODUCTION

  8. BIOFUEL • FUELS FORMED FROM BIOMASS • BIOMASS • PHOTOSYNTHESIS • WATER AND CO2 • ENERGY FROM THE SUN • NO NET CO2 CHANGE

  9. PREVALENT PATHWAYS http://www.pewclimate.org/docUploads/images/Fig2-BiofuelsPathways.preview.GIF

  10. AVIATION FUEL • BIOFUELS FOR GROUND TRANSPORTATION AVAILABLE IN THE MARKETPLACE • ETHANOL • BIODIESEL • NO SUITABLE ALTERNATIVES FOR JET FUEL • INVESTIGATE BIODIESEL AS AN ALTERNATIVE

  11. KEY ISSUES WITH BIODIESEL AS A REPLACEMENT FOR JET FUEL • PRODUCTION • FOOD VS FUEL • TECHNOLOGICAL SHORT COMINGS • LOW TEMPERATURE PROPERTY ISSUES • HIGH ALTITUDE CRUISING • PROPENSITY TO FREEZE • OXIDATIVE DEGRADATION • BREAKING DOWN AEROBICALLY DUE TO OXIDATION

  12. FOOD VS FUEL • TYPICAL FEEDSTOCKS • CORN • SOYBEAN • REQUIRE LARGE AMOUNTS OF ARABLE LAND • WATER • MICROALGAE • NOT MUCH LAND NEEDED • NON-ARABLE LAND • BRACKISH WATER

  13. OIL YIELD OF FEEDSTOCK

  14. PATHWAYS http://www.pewclimate.org/docUploads/images/Fig2-BiofuelsPathways.preview.GIF

  15. Fuel Requirements Strain Selection Production System Heterotrophic Photoautotrophic Open Pond Closed Photobioreactor Hybrid Mixotrophic Harvesting Conversion Technologies Thermochemical Biochemical Gasification Anaerobic Digestion Thermochemical Liquefaction Alcoholic Fermentation Pyrolysis Photobiological Hydrogen Production Direct Combustion Fuels Syngas Charcoal Electricity Bio-Oil Transesterification Biodiesel Methane Hydrogen Ethanol PATHWAYS FOR PRODUCTION OF MICROALGAL BIODIESEL

  16. KEY ISSUES OR DECISIONS FOR PRODUCTION OF MICROALGAE BIODIESEL • STRAIN SELECTION • PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY • CONVERSION TECHNOLOGY • TRANSESTERIFICATION

  17. STRAIN SELECTION • DEPENDED ON • OIL CONTENT • GROWTH RATE • FUEL PROPERTIES [12] Deng

  18. PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES • USED TO GROW AND CULTIVATE MICRIALGAE • ISSUES INCLUDE CONTAMINATION AND COST • THREE TYPES • Photoautotrophic • Heterotrophic • Mixotrophic

  19. PHOTOAUTOTROPHIC • ONLY PRODUCTION SYSTEM THAT IS CURRENTY ECONOMICALLY AND TECHNICALLY FEASIBLE FOR LARGE SCALE PRODUCTION • THREE TYPES • OPEN POND PRODUCTION SYSTEM • CLOSE PHOTOBIOREACTOR SYSTEM • HYBRID PRODUCTION SYSTEM

  20. PHOTOAUTOTROPHIC • OPEN POND PRODUCTION SYSTEM • GROWING ALGAE IN MAN-MADE PONDS • CHEAPER THAN OTHER MODELS • TENDS TO LOOSE WATER THROUGH EVAPORATION • EASY TO POLLUTE BY UNWANTED SPECIES • HARD TO CONTROL CULTURE ENVIRONMENT (LIGHT & TEMPERATURE)

  21. PHOTOAUTOTROPHIC • CLOSED PHOTOBIOREACTOR SYSTEM • USED TO OVERCOME THE MAJOR PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH OPEN POND SYSTEMS • THREE TYPES • TUBULAR REACTORS • PLATE REACTORS • BUBBLE COLUMN REACTORS • MOST COMMON IS TUBULAR • ALLIGNED IN AN ARRAY OF GLASS OR PLASTIC TUBES • EXPENSIVE • EXTENSIVE CAPITAL REQUIRED • DESIGN LIMITATIONS – TUBE LENGTH • SEVERAL KM OF TUBE REQUIRED TO PRODUCE SIGNIFICANT AMOUNTS OF FUEL

  22. TUBULAR REACTORS http://brae.calpoly.edu/CEAE/images/biofuels3.gif

  23. PHOTOAUTOTROPHIC • HYBRID PRODUCTION SYSTEM • A COMBINATION OF OPEN POND AND CLOSED PHOTOBIOREACTOR PRODUCTION SYSTEMS • A COST EFFECTIVE WAY OF PRODUCING HIGH YIELD STRAINS OF MICROALGAE • 1ST STEP • HIGH OIL YIELDING MICROALGAE STRAINS GROW IN CLOSED PHOTOBIOREACTORS TO PRODUCE BIOMASS • 2ND STEP • MICROALGAE ENTER AN OPEN POND PRODUCTION SYSTEM CONSISTING OF NUTRIENT RESTRICTIONS AND OTHER STRESSORS TO PROMOTE BIOSYNTHESIS OF OIL

  24. HETEROTROPHIC • AEROBIC RESPIRATION PROCESS • MICROALGAE GROWS ON CARBON SUBSTRATES INSIDE TANK BIOREACTORS OR FERMENTERS • PROCESS IS INDEPENDENT OF LIGHT • THE ENERGY IS PROVIDED BY THE CARBON WITHIN THE SUBSTRATES • VIABLE FOR LARGE SCALE PRODUCTION OF MICROALGAE • LOWER SET-UP AND HARVESTING COSTS THAN PHOTOAUTOTROPHIC SYSTEMS • REQUIRES MORE ENERGY THAN PHOTOAUTOTROPHIC SYSTEMS

  25. MIXOTROPHIC • COMBINATION OF PHOTOAUTOTROPHIC AND HETEROTROPHIC PRODUCTION SYSTEMS • LIGHT IS NOT A RESTRICTING FACTOR • ALGAE IS EITHER PHOTOSYNTHESIZED OR INGESTS ORGANIC MATTER THROUGH AEROBIC RESPIRATION • RESEARCH ONGOING

  26. CONVERSION TECHNOLOGIES • REQUIRED TO CONVERT MICROALGAE BIOMASS INTO USABLE FUEL [13]

  27. PYROLYSIS • CONVERTS BIOMASS TO BIO-OIL, SYNGAS, AND CHARCOAL • DECOMPOSES BIOMASS WITH THE ADDITION OF HEAT AND THE ABSENCE OF OXYGEN [3]

  28. PYROLYSIS • THREE TYPES • FLASH PYROLYSIS • FAST PYROLYSIS • SLOW PYROLYSIS [13]

  29. TRANSESTERIFICATION • CONVERTS FATTY ACIDS RETRIEVED FROM BIO-OIL INTO BIODIESEL • CHEMICAL REACTION IN WHICH TRIGLYCERIDES REACT TOGETHER WITH ALCOHOL TO PRODUCE FATTY ACID METHYL ESTERS (FAME) AND GLYCEROL • FAME HAS CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES SIMILAR TO CONVENTIONAL DIESEL http://www.chevronglobalaviation.com/docs/5719_Aviation_Addendum._webpdf.pdf

  30. AVIATION CHALLENGES • LOW TEMPERATURE PROPERTIES • OXIDATIVE DEGRADATION

  31. LOW TEMPERATURE PROPERTIES • CRUISING AT 30,000 EXPOSES FUEL TEMPERATURES BELOW -40°C • AT SUCH LOW TEMPERATURES, BIODIESEL STARTS TO FREEZE • IMPORTANT PROPERTIES INCLUDE • POUR POINT TEMPERATURE • CLOUD POIN TEMPERATURE • KINEMATIC VISCOSITY

  32. LOW TEMPERATURE PROPERTIES • POUR POINT TEMPERATURE • REFERS TO THE LOWEST TEMPERATURE AT WHICH PUMPING OF THE FUEL IS POSSIBLE. • BELOW THIS POINT, BIODIESEL CAN START TO PLUG PIPELINES. • CLOUD POINT TEMPERATURE • REFERS TO THE TEMPERATURE AT WHICH WAX STARTS TO FORM IN BIODIESEL. • THE WAX THICKENS BIODIESEL • LEADS TO CLOGGING OF FILTERS AND INJECTORS • VISCOSITY • DESCRIBES THE FLUIDS RESISTANCE TO FLOW • FUELS WITH HIGH VISCOSITY HAVE A TOUGH TIME FLOWING THROUGH PIPES

  33. LOW TEMPERATURE PROPERTIES • LITTLE TO NO RESEARCH ON IMPROVING LOW TEMPERATURE PROPERTIES OF MICROALGAL BIODIESEL • RESEARCH AVAILABLE ON IMPROVING LOW TEMPERATURE PROPERTIES OF SOYBEAN BIODIESEL • SIMILAR APPROACH CAN BE TAKEN TO IMPROVE LOW TEMPERATURE PROPERTIES OF MICROALGAE BIODIESEL

  34. LOW TEMPERATURE PROPERTIES • TWO MAIN APPROACHES • WINTERIZATION • ADDITION OF ADDITIVES

  35. WINTERIZATION • PROCESS OF SEPARATING PART OF THE OIL THAT HAS SOLIDIFICATION TEMPERATURE THAT IS BELOW SPECIFIC CUT-OFF VALUE • BALANCES AN INACTIVE MIXTURE OF METHYL ESTERS AT A TEMPERATURE THAT IS BETWEEN ITS CLOUD POINT AND POUR POINT

  36. WINTERIZATION • DURING THE PROCESS, SATURATED METHYL ESTER PERCIPATE AND FORM SMALL WAX LIKE CRYSTALS IN LIQUID PHASE • FILTERING OUT THESE CRYSTALS RESULTS IN A BIODIESEL WITH IMPROVED LOW TEMPERATURE PROPERTIES • MULTIPLE ITTERATIONS MIGHT BE REQUIRED

  37. OXIDATIVE DEGRADATION • CAUSES OF OXIDATION • EXPOSURE TO OXYGEN THROUGH AIR • PRESENCE OF LIGHT • HIGH TEMPERATURES • PEROXIDES • BIO-OILS CONTAIN WITHIN FATTY ACIDS WITH DOUBLE BONDS • THESE DOUBLE BONDS CAN REACT WITH OXYGEN MOLECULES THUS CAUSING OXIDATION

  38. OXIDATIVE DEGRADATION • AFTER OXIDATION HYDROPEROXIDES ARE ATTACHED TO THE FATTY ACID CHAIN • DEGRADED CHAINS TEND TO POLYMERIZE • HOOKING TOGETHER IN VARIOUS SUBSTANCES INCLUDING GUMS THAT CAN CLOG UP PARTS

  39. OXIDATIVE DEGRADATION • CURRENT RESEARCH INVOLVES LENGTHNING THE STABILITY PERIOD OF BIODIESEL THROUGH ADDITION OF ANTIOXIDANTS

  40. ANTIOXIDANTS • DELAY THE START OF OXIDATION • ALLOWS THE USE OF CURRENT INFRASTRUCTURE • STORAGE TANKS • HANDLING TECHNIQUES • DESIGN CHANGES • CAN OCCUR NATURALLY • VITAMIN E • OR MANUFACTURED SYNTHETICALLY • BUTYLATED HYDROXYANISOL • PROPYL GALLATE • FACTORS EFFECTING SUCCESS OF ANTIOXIDANTS • FATTY ACID PROFILE OF THE OIL • STORAGE CONDITIONS • AMOUNT OF NATURALLY OCCURING ANTIOXIDANTS

  41. CONCLUSION • ALTHOUGH MICROALGAE BIODIESEL PROVIDES MANY INCENTIVES AS A REPLACEMENT FUEL FOR JET FUEL MUCH RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IS STILL NEEDED • BLENDS OF PETROLEUM DIESEL AND BIODIESEL CONTAINING UPTO (20 VOL% BIODIESEL) HAVE BEEN TESTED WITH ACCEPTABLE RESULTS • OBJECTIVE WAS TO CUT OFF OUR DEPENDENCE ON PETROLEUM, MUCH WORK IS STILL NEEDED

  42. REFRENCES • [1] Ashworth, John “Jet Fuel From Microalgal Lipids.” United States Department of Energy. July 2006. National Renewable Energy Laboratory. PDF Document. 5 Mar. 2010. • [2] Horton, Sarah. “The 1973 Oil Crisis.” Pennsylvania Environthon Website. • http://www.envirothonpa.org/documents/The1973OilCrisis.pdf. Web. 5 Mar. 2010. • [3] Drapcho, Caye M., Nghiem Phu Nhuan, and Terry H. Walker. Biofuels Engineering Process Technology. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2008. • [4] Marbach, Timothy. “STEM Scholars Lecture on Sustainable Energy.” STEM Scholars Lecture Series. 27 Feb. 2007. California State University, Sacramento. Microsoft PowerPoint File. 5 Mar. 2010. • [5] Daggett, David L. et al. “Alternate Fuels for Use in Commercial Aircrafts.” National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 01 April 2008. National Aeronautics and Space Administration John H. Glenn Research Center. PDF Document. 5 Mar. 2010. • [6] PEW Center on Global Climate Change. “Current and Emerging Biofuel Pathways.” PEW Center on Global Climate Change. http://www.pewclimate.org/docUploads/images/Fig2-BiofuelsPathways.preview.GIF. • Web. 5 Mar. 2010. • [7] Boyle, Godfrey. Renewable Energy: Power for a Sustainable Future. Oxford: Oxford, 2004. • [8] Kaltschmitt, Martin et al. Renewable Energy: Technology, Economics and Environment. New York: Springer, 2007. • [9] Hileman, James I. et al. “The Feasibility and Potential Environmental Benefits of Alternative Fuels for Commercial Aviation.” International Congress of the Aeronautical Sciences. 14 Sep. 2008. http://icas-proceedings.net/ICAS2008/PAPERS/563.PDF. Web, 5 Mar 2010. • [10] Darzins, Al. “Recent and Current Research & Roadmapping Activities: Overview.” United States Department of Energy. 9 December 2008. National Renewable Energy Laboratory. PDF Document. 5 March 2010.

  43. REFRENCES • [11] Deng, Xiaodong, Yajun Li, and Xiaowen Fei. “Microalgae: A Promising Feedstock for Biodiesel.” African Journal of Microbiology Research, Volume 3, December 2009: 1008-1014. Web. 5 Mar. 2010. • [12] “Alternative Jet Fuel.” Chevron Global Aviation, Oct. 2006. Chevron Corporation. PDF Document. Web. 20 Mar. 2010. http://www.chevronglobalaviation.com/docs/5719_Aviation_Addendum._webpdf.pdf • [13] Brennan, Liam and Philip Owende. “Biofuels From Microalgae- A Review of Technologies for Production, Processing, and Extractions of Biofuels and Co-Products.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Volume 14, February 2010: 557-577. Web. 15 Mar. 2010. • [14] Tubular Photobioreactors. Biosciences and Agricultural Engineering Department, California Polytechnic State University. http://brae.calpoly.edu/CEAE/images/biofuels3.gif. Web. 18 Mar. 2010. • [15] Smith, Paul C. et al. “Improving the Low-Temperature Properties of Biodiesel: Methods and Consequences.” Renewable Energy, Volume 35, June 2010: 1145-1151. Web. 21 Mar. 2010. • [16] Background Knowledge Pour Point. PSL Systemtechnik Website.http://www.psl-systemtechnik.de/pour_point_tester_knowledge.html?&L=1. Web. 15 Mar. 2010. • [17] Aircraft Engine Fuel System Diagram. Tips and Guides for Do-It-Yourselfers Website. http://diychamber.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/aircraft-engine-fuel-system-diagram.png. Web. 15 Mar. 2010. • [18] Dunn, R.O., M. W. Shockley, and M. O. Bagby. “Improving the Low-Temperature Properties of Alternative Diesel Fuels: Vegetable Oil-Derived Methyl Esters.” Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, Volume 73, December 1996: 1719-1728. Web. 15 Mar. 2010. • [19] Knothe, Gerhard. “Some Aspeccts of Biodiesel Oxidative Stability.” Fuel Processing Technology, Volume 88, July 2007: 669-677. Web. 15 Mar. 2010.

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