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MICROALGAE BIODIESEL AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR JET FUEL. BY CHANDAN SOHI 4/28/2010. KEY ISSUES. DEPENDENCE ON FOREIGN OIL REPLACEMENT FUEL FOR GROUND TRANSPORTATION REPLACEMENT FUEL FOR AVIATION. WHY?. DEPLETING PETROLEUM RESOURCES INCREASING COMPETITION FOR THESE LIMITED RESOURCES.
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MICROALGAE BIODIESEL AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR JET FUEL BY CHANDAN SOHI 4/28/2010
KEY ISSUES • DEPENDENCE ON FOREIGN OIL • REPLACEMENT FUEL FOR GROUND TRANSPORTATION • REPLACEMENT FUEL FOR AVIATION
WHY? • DEPLETING PETROLEUM RESOURCES • INCREASING COMPETITION FOR THESE LIMITED RESOURCES
Annual Energy Consumption Trends Annual energy consumption values for selected countries [3]
THE REQUIREMENTS FFOR ANY NEW ALTERNATIVE FUEL • HOME GROWN • PRODUCED WITHIN THE US • PROVIDE POLITICAL AUTONOMY • 1973 OIL CRISIS /YOM KIPPUR WAR • ECONOMICALLY FEASIBLE • COMPETITIVE WITH PETROLEUM BASED FUELS • ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY • LOWER EMISSIONS • REDUCED CO2 LIFE CYCLE EMISSIONS • ONE OF THE LEADING SOURCES FOR GLOBAL WARMING
OPTIONS • CRYOGENIC FUELS • LONG TERM • LIQUID HYDROGEN • LIQUID METHANE • TECHNOLOGICAL ISSUES
OPTIONS • SYNTHETIC FUELS • JET A • SYNTHETIC PARRAFINIC KEROSENE • HIGH LEVELS OF CO2 EMISSIONS DURING PRODUCTION
BIOFUEL • FUELS FORMED FROM BIOMASS • BIOMASS • PHOTOSYNTHESIS • WATER AND CO2 • ENERGY FROM THE SUN • NO NET CO2 CHANGE
PREVALENT PATHWAYS http://www.pewclimate.org/docUploads/images/Fig2-BiofuelsPathways.preview.GIF
AVIATION FUEL • BIOFUELS FOR GROUND TRANSPORTATION AVAILABLE IN THE MARKETPLACE • ETHANOL • BIODIESEL • NO SUITABLE ALTERNATIVES FOR JET FUEL • INVESTIGATE BIODIESEL AS AN ALTERNATIVE
KEY ISSUES WITH BIODIESEL AS A REPLACEMENT FOR JET FUEL • PRODUCTION • FOOD VS FUEL • TECHNOLOGICAL SHORT COMINGS • LOW TEMPERATURE PROPERTY ISSUES • HIGH ALTITUDE CRUISING • PROPENSITY TO FREEZE • OXIDATIVE DEGRADATION • BREAKING DOWN AEROBICALLY DUE TO OXIDATION
FOOD VS FUEL • TYPICAL FEEDSTOCKS • CORN • SOYBEAN • REQUIRE LARGE AMOUNTS OF ARABLE LAND • WATER • MICROALGAE • NOT MUCH LAND NEEDED • NON-ARABLE LAND • BRACKISH WATER
PATHWAYS http://www.pewclimate.org/docUploads/images/Fig2-BiofuelsPathways.preview.GIF
Fuel Requirements Strain Selection Production System Heterotrophic Photoautotrophic Open Pond Closed Photobioreactor Hybrid Mixotrophic Harvesting Conversion Technologies Thermochemical Biochemical Gasification Anaerobic Digestion Thermochemical Liquefaction Alcoholic Fermentation Pyrolysis Photobiological Hydrogen Production Direct Combustion Fuels Syngas Charcoal Electricity Bio-Oil Transesterification Biodiesel Methane Hydrogen Ethanol PATHWAYS FOR PRODUCTION OF MICROALGAL BIODIESEL
KEY ISSUES OR DECISIONS FOR PRODUCTION OF MICROALGAE BIODIESEL • STRAIN SELECTION • PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY • CONVERSION TECHNOLOGY • TRANSESTERIFICATION
STRAIN SELECTION • DEPENDED ON • OIL CONTENT • GROWTH RATE • FUEL PROPERTIES [12] Deng
PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES • USED TO GROW AND CULTIVATE MICRIALGAE • ISSUES INCLUDE CONTAMINATION AND COST • THREE TYPES • Photoautotrophic • Heterotrophic • Mixotrophic
PHOTOAUTOTROPHIC • ONLY PRODUCTION SYSTEM THAT IS CURRENTY ECONOMICALLY AND TECHNICALLY FEASIBLE FOR LARGE SCALE PRODUCTION • THREE TYPES • OPEN POND PRODUCTION SYSTEM • CLOSE PHOTOBIOREACTOR SYSTEM • HYBRID PRODUCTION SYSTEM
PHOTOAUTOTROPHIC • OPEN POND PRODUCTION SYSTEM • GROWING ALGAE IN MAN-MADE PONDS • CHEAPER THAN OTHER MODELS • TENDS TO LOOSE WATER THROUGH EVAPORATION • EASY TO POLLUTE BY UNWANTED SPECIES • HARD TO CONTROL CULTURE ENVIRONMENT (LIGHT & TEMPERATURE)
PHOTOAUTOTROPHIC • CLOSED PHOTOBIOREACTOR SYSTEM • USED TO OVERCOME THE MAJOR PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH OPEN POND SYSTEMS • THREE TYPES • TUBULAR REACTORS • PLATE REACTORS • BUBBLE COLUMN REACTORS • MOST COMMON IS TUBULAR • ALLIGNED IN AN ARRAY OF GLASS OR PLASTIC TUBES • EXPENSIVE • EXTENSIVE CAPITAL REQUIRED • DESIGN LIMITATIONS – TUBE LENGTH • SEVERAL KM OF TUBE REQUIRED TO PRODUCE SIGNIFICANT AMOUNTS OF FUEL
TUBULAR REACTORS http://brae.calpoly.edu/CEAE/images/biofuels3.gif
PHOTOAUTOTROPHIC • HYBRID PRODUCTION SYSTEM • A COMBINATION OF OPEN POND AND CLOSED PHOTOBIOREACTOR PRODUCTION SYSTEMS • A COST EFFECTIVE WAY OF PRODUCING HIGH YIELD STRAINS OF MICROALGAE • 1ST STEP • HIGH OIL YIELDING MICROALGAE STRAINS GROW IN CLOSED PHOTOBIOREACTORS TO PRODUCE BIOMASS • 2ND STEP • MICROALGAE ENTER AN OPEN POND PRODUCTION SYSTEM CONSISTING OF NUTRIENT RESTRICTIONS AND OTHER STRESSORS TO PROMOTE BIOSYNTHESIS OF OIL
HETEROTROPHIC • AEROBIC RESPIRATION PROCESS • MICROALGAE GROWS ON CARBON SUBSTRATES INSIDE TANK BIOREACTORS OR FERMENTERS • PROCESS IS INDEPENDENT OF LIGHT • THE ENERGY IS PROVIDED BY THE CARBON WITHIN THE SUBSTRATES • VIABLE FOR LARGE SCALE PRODUCTION OF MICROALGAE • LOWER SET-UP AND HARVESTING COSTS THAN PHOTOAUTOTROPHIC SYSTEMS • REQUIRES MORE ENERGY THAN PHOTOAUTOTROPHIC SYSTEMS
MIXOTROPHIC • COMBINATION OF PHOTOAUTOTROPHIC AND HETEROTROPHIC PRODUCTION SYSTEMS • LIGHT IS NOT A RESTRICTING FACTOR • ALGAE IS EITHER PHOTOSYNTHESIZED OR INGESTS ORGANIC MATTER THROUGH AEROBIC RESPIRATION • RESEARCH ONGOING
CONVERSION TECHNOLOGIES • REQUIRED TO CONVERT MICROALGAE BIOMASS INTO USABLE FUEL [13]
PYROLYSIS • CONVERTS BIOMASS TO BIO-OIL, SYNGAS, AND CHARCOAL • DECOMPOSES BIOMASS WITH THE ADDITION OF HEAT AND THE ABSENCE OF OXYGEN [3]
PYROLYSIS • THREE TYPES • FLASH PYROLYSIS • FAST PYROLYSIS • SLOW PYROLYSIS [13]
TRANSESTERIFICATION • CONVERTS FATTY ACIDS RETRIEVED FROM BIO-OIL INTO BIODIESEL • CHEMICAL REACTION IN WHICH TRIGLYCERIDES REACT TOGETHER WITH ALCOHOL TO PRODUCE FATTY ACID METHYL ESTERS (FAME) AND GLYCEROL • FAME HAS CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES SIMILAR TO CONVENTIONAL DIESEL http://www.chevronglobalaviation.com/docs/5719_Aviation_Addendum._webpdf.pdf
AVIATION CHALLENGES • LOW TEMPERATURE PROPERTIES • OXIDATIVE DEGRADATION
LOW TEMPERATURE PROPERTIES • CRUISING AT 30,000 EXPOSES FUEL TEMPERATURES BELOW -40°C • AT SUCH LOW TEMPERATURES, BIODIESEL STARTS TO FREEZE • IMPORTANT PROPERTIES INCLUDE • POUR POINT TEMPERATURE • CLOUD POIN TEMPERATURE • KINEMATIC VISCOSITY
LOW TEMPERATURE PROPERTIES • POUR POINT TEMPERATURE • REFERS TO THE LOWEST TEMPERATURE AT WHICH PUMPING OF THE FUEL IS POSSIBLE. • BELOW THIS POINT, BIODIESEL CAN START TO PLUG PIPELINES. • CLOUD POINT TEMPERATURE • REFERS TO THE TEMPERATURE AT WHICH WAX STARTS TO FORM IN BIODIESEL. • THE WAX THICKENS BIODIESEL • LEADS TO CLOGGING OF FILTERS AND INJECTORS • VISCOSITY • DESCRIBES THE FLUIDS RESISTANCE TO FLOW • FUELS WITH HIGH VISCOSITY HAVE A TOUGH TIME FLOWING THROUGH PIPES
LOW TEMPERATURE PROPERTIES • LITTLE TO NO RESEARCH ON IMPROVING LOW TEMPERATURE PROPERTIES OF MICROALGAL BIODIESEL • RESEARCH AVAILABLE ON IMPROVING LOW TEMPERATURE PROPERTIES OF SOYBEAN BIODIESEL • SIMILAR APPROACH CAN BE TAKEN TO IMPROVE LOW TEMPERATURE PROPERTIES OF MICROALGAE BIODIESEL
LOW TEMPERATURE PROPERTIES • TWO MAIN APPROACHES • WINTERIZATION • ADDITION OF ADDITIVES
WINTERIZATION • PROCESS OF SEPARATING PART OF THE OIL THAT HAS SOLIDIFICATION TEMPERATURE THAT IS BELOW SPECIFIC CUT-OFF VALUE • BALANCES AN INACTIVE MIXTURE OF METHYL ESTERS AT A TEMPERATURE THAT IS BETWEEN ITS CLOUD POINT AND POUR POINT
WINTERIZATION • DURING THE PROCESS, SATURATED METHYL ESTER PERCIPATE AND FORM SMALL WAX LIKE CRYSTALS IN LIQUID PHASE • FILTERING OUT THESE CRYSTALS RESULTS IN A BIODIESEL WITH IMPROVED LOW TEMPERATURE PROPERTIES • MULTIPLE ITTERATIONS MIGHT BE REQUIRED
OXIDATIVE DEGRADATION • CAUSES OF OXIDATION • EXPOSURE TO OXYGEN THROUGH AIR • PRESENCE OF LIGHT • HIGH TEMPERATURES • PEROXIDES • BIO-OILS CONTAIN WITHIN FATTY ACIDS WITH DOUBLE BONDS • THESE DOUBLE BONDS CAN REACT WITH OXYGEN MOLECULES THUS CAUSING OXIDATION
OXIDATIVE DEGRADATION • AFTER OXIDATION HYDROPEROXIDES ARE ATTACHED TO THE FATTY ACID CHAIN • DEGRADED CHAINS TEND TO POLYMERIZE • HOOKING TOGETHER IN VARIOUS SUBSTANCES INCLUDING GUMS THAT CAN CLOG UP PARTS
OXIDATIVE DEGRADATION • CURRENT RESEARCH INVOLVES LENGTHNING THE STABILITY PERIOD OF BIODIESEL THROUGH ADDITION OF ANTIOXIDANTS
ANTIOXIDANTS • DELAY THE START OF OXIDATION • ALLOWS THE USE OF CURRENT INFRASTRUCTURE • STORAGE TANKS • HANDLING TECHNIQUES • DESIGN CHANGES • CAN OCCUR NATURALLY • VITAMIN E • OR MANUFACTURED SYNTHETICALLY • BUTYLATED HYDROXYANISOL • PROPYL GALLATE • FACTORS EFFECTING SUCCESS OF ANTIOXIDANTS • FATTY ACID PROFILE OF THE OIL • STORAGE CONDITIONS • AMOUNT OF NATURALLY OCCURING ANTIOXIDANTS
CONCLUSION • ALTHOUGH MICROALGAE BIODIESEL PROVIDES MANY INCENTIVES AS A REPLACEMENT FUEL FOR JET FUEL MUCH RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IS STILL NEEDED • BLENDS OF PETROLEUM DIESEL AND BIODIESEL CONTAINING UPTO (20 VOL% BIODIESEL) HAVE BEEN TESTED WITH ACCEPTABLE RESULTS • OBJECTIVE WAS TO CUT OFF OUR DEPENDENCE ON PETROLEUM, MUCH WORK IS STILL NEEDED
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