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Computer Organization

Learn about different levels of computer languages, virtual machines, hardware vs. software, and key milestones in computer architecture. Explore the evolution from mechanical computers to VLSI integrated circuits.

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Computer Organization

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  1. Computer Organization Introduction to Multilevel Machines

  2. Summary • Programs • L1 vs. L2 Languages • Virtual Machines • Hardware vs. Software • Milestones in computer architecture • Assignment

  3. Programs • A sequence of simple instructions describing how to perform a certain task • Together these simple, primitive instructions form a language • People can communicate with the machine using this machine language

  4. L1 vs. L2 Languages • L1: Machine level 1 • Simple language (0’s and 1’s) • Tedious to use: 1110 1001 1110 0111 1001 1000 • Generate new language: L2 • more convenient, easier to use JMP E798 … E798 ADD …

  5. Executing L2 programs on L1 machine • Translation • Replace each L2 instruction with an equivalent sequence of L1 instructions • Computer sees only L1 instructions • Interpretation • Write an L1 program to read L2 programs and execute a sequence of L1 instructions • Translation “on the fly”

  6. Virtual Machines • Stop thinking about Translation or Interpretation • Imagine a virtual machine whose machine language is L2 • L1 and L2 cannot be “too different.” • L2 is better for people to think about than L1 • Still far from ideal • Form language L3 which is still better than L2 for people

  7. Hardware vs. Software • Hardware: electronic circuits, printed circuit boards, cables, power supplies, memories • Software: algorithms, their representations • Firmware: software embedded in electronic devices during their manufacture

  8. Hardware & Software are logically equivalent • Any operation performed in software can be mapped into hardware • Any operation performed by hardware can be simulated in software • Hardware executes faster • Software is more easily modified and less expensive

  9. Milestones in computer architecture • Mechanical computers • Vacuum tubes • Transistors • Integrated Circuits (IC’s) • VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration)

  10. Assignment

  11. Outside reading material http://www.reprise.com/host/electricity/default.asp http://web.archive.org/web/20020221211122/http://www.owlnet.rice.edu/~engi202/electricity.html http://jersey.uoregon.edu/vlab/Voltage/

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