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Understanding Computer Connections: Types, Cables, and Protocols in Networking

Chapter 8 delves into how computers connect through various methods, focusing on wired and wireless technologies. It explains essential components like power cords, RJ connectors, and different types of cables, including twisted pair, coaxial, and fiber optics. The chapter covers networking standards (e.g., Ethernet, Token-Ring) and discusses network topologies such as star and bus configurations. It also highlights the importance of protocols in ensuring smooth communication and the role of wireless technology in modern networking, enhancing connectivity across devices.

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Understanding Computer Connections: Types, Cables, and Protocols in Networking

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  1. How are Computers Connected? Chapter 8

  2. How do you connect computers? • Run wires between two computers • Power Cord • Plug into a power outlet • Two wires needed to complete circuit • Wires are securely covered in plastic insulation • Ground wire – provides safety (third wire)

  3. Wires • Power Cord • Untwisted Pair • Wires lie next to each other • More interference • Twisted Pair • Used for telephone systems and network cabling • Coaxial Cable • Used for cable television wiring/video connections

  4. Connectors • FCC maintains registry of jacks (RJ) • RJ-11 • Telephones and computers • 4 or 6 wire • Usually only 2 wires used (red and green) – extra for future services • Labor is expensive

  5. Connectors • Point-to-point communications • Wires form direct connection from one computer to another • RJ-11 • Serial communication • Byte - 8 signals sent one after the other • Slow

  6. RJ-45 • Parallel communication • Twisted pairs • 8 wires send 4 signals at the same time • Interference is low • RJ-45 • Wider than RJ-11 • Category 5 (Cat 5)

  7. Standards for Cat 5 • 10BaseT • Slowest (1990) - only 4 wires used • One pair for sending; one pair for receiving • 10,000 bits of info per second • Base – baseband signaling • T – twisted pair

  8. Standards for Cat 5 • 100BaseT • 1995 • Uses 2 of 4 pairs • 100,000 bits of info per second • 1000BaseT • 1999 • 802.3ab • Uses all 4 pairs • 1 million bits of info per second

  9. New Standard • 10GBaseT • 802.3ae • 2002 • 10 million bits of info per second • Uses enhanced RJ-45 cable

  10. Network Connections • Star Network • Each computer connected to central machine • Telephone systems – small setup • Central machine is switch • Passes information • Telephone switching networks • Switch to switch

  11. Network Connections • Ethernet Networks • Single wire (or bus) runs to all machines • Any computer can send info to another computer • Header – intended recipient • All computers receive all communications, however only intended computer saves material

  12. Ethernet Networks • Rules or Protocols • One computer does not interfere with communications by another • Each computer ‘listens’ to the network as it transmits it message • If the message received is different, another computer sent message at same time • Wait random amount of time and resend • Maximum length for any message

  13. Token-Ring Network • Organizes computer logically into a circle or ring • Each computer – 2 connections • Communication is in single direction around circle • Messages have sender and addressee designator (in header) • Confirmation of receipt • Token – Authority to send message (one computer at a time) • Messages can be somewhat longer

  14. Expansion of networks • Variations in degree to which networks are used • To keep demand low on networks, many organizations maintain separate small networks and connect those networks • Ethernet networks • Cabling limited to 100 meters (328 feet) • Hubs - A common connection point • Repeaters – amplify electrical signals

  15. Network Expansion • Segment • A section of a network that is bound by bridges, routers or switches • Bridge • Keeps track of machines on one or both sides of a segment • Forwards messages when info must go from sender on one side to receiver on the other

  16. Wireless Technology • Wireless communications • Messages are divided into packets • Packet contains a header • IDs which machine is to receive the data • Infrared signals or radio waves • All wireless computers in an area share the airwaves, receive the same messages and determine if they are the recipient

  17. Wireless Technology • Access Point • Computer directly to the Internet (acts as intermediary) • Example: on a 2.4 GHz radio frequency band • Beacon • Repeating of identifying information by access point • Association – Portable wishes to make connection • Portable computers use radio waves or infrared signals to communicate with access point • As portable computers move, interact with new access point • If no computers have direct access to the Internet, portable computers still can interact with each other, but not with the Internet

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