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Nuclear Energy: Problems or Solution

Nuclear Energy: Problems or Solution. Helmut Rauch Atominstitut, TU-Wien. Reactors worldwide. Nuclear power stations (NPP) 441 (35 construction) Research reactors 249 (in operation) Heating units 8 Naval-Reactors (U-Boats, aircraft carrier, icebreaker) 220

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Nuclear Energy: Problems or Solution

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  1. Nuclear Energy:Problems or Solution Helmut Rauch Atominstitut, TU-Wien

  2. Reactors worldwide Nuclear power stations (NPP) 441 (35 construction) Research reactors 249 (in operation) Heating units 8 Naval-Reactors (U-Boats, aircraft carrier, icebreaker) 220 Satellite reactors 26 TOTAL~ 950 Quellen - http://www.iaea.org/DataCenter/statistics.html - http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/info.htm

  3. Electricity production worldwide EU Austria

  4. Nuclear fission 1 kg Natururan ≐ 12.600 l Erdöl ≐ 18.900 kg Steinkohle

  5. Reaktortypen - 1

  6. Reaktortypen - 2

  7. Specific CO2-Emissions Source: EDF Environmental Report

  8. prompt criticality(~ 0,6% in case of U-235) • Decay heat( ca. 20 MW after 1 St.) • Waste (pro KKW:18 kg/a Np-237; 70 kg/a Am-243 ) • Terrorism Chernobyl Fukushima General problems

  9. TEMPERATUR RÜCKWIRKUNG Doppler-Effekt Absorpion Entkommfaktor p(300K) = 0,861 p(1000K)= 0,835 Dieser Faktor ist immer negativ !!!

  10. Xenon – Poison (Xe135)* b 30 % b g Te135 J135 30 sec. 70 % b 6,7 h Xe135 Cs135 Ba135 9,2 h 2,6 x 108 a sa= 3,4x106 b Spaltprodukte

  11. Xenon – Poison Regelstäbe Regelstäbe Core Core Xe-135 Gleichgewicht P = 0

  12. VOID - KOEFFIZIENT U H2O C Dr = + 0,0064 sa = 0,33b sa = 0,0034b Dr = - 0,035 Dr = - 0,08 Dr = - 0,17 U H2O

  13. Cutaway of the Nuclear Unit 1.  Core 2.  Piping of water lines 3.  Lower biological shielding  4.  Distribution headers 5.  Side biological shielding  6.  Drum-separator 7.  Piping of steam-water lines 8.  Upper biological shielding 9.  Refuelling machine 10.  Demountable plating 11.  Fuel channel ducts 12.  Downcorners 13.  Pressure header 14.  Suction header 15.  Main circulation pump

  14. Power Diagram - Accident

  15. Cs-137 Contamination in Vienna since 1956 Erich Tschirf et al.

  16. Radiation Exposure of the Public Inhalation of radon and its progeny ≈ 1.6 mSv Occupational radiation exposure ≈ 0.05 mSv External exposure from natural sources ≈ 1 mSv Chernobyl accident, nuclear weapon tests < 0.01 mSv Ionizing radiation and radionuclides in research, industry and household < 0.02 mSv Ingestion of natural radionuclides ≈ 0.3 mSv Ionizing radiation and radionuclides in medicine ≈ 1.3 mSv ≈ 4.3 mSv

  17. prompte Kritikalität(~ 0,6% bei U-235) • Decay heat( ca. 20 MW nach 1 St.) • Abfall (pro KKW:18 kg/a Np-237; 70 kg/a Am-243 ) • Terrorismus Chernobyl Fukushima Problems

  18. Decay heat Nachzerfallswärme der Spaltprodukte

  19. Fukushima

  20. Fukochima Daiichi 1-6 Siedewasserreaktor I-1: 440 MW I-2: 760 MW I-3: 760 MW I-4: 760 MW I-5: 760 MW I-6: 1067 MW 20

  21. Emergency operation Core melting Normal operation H2 explosion Spent fuel pool problem Venting H2O and H2

  22. Fukushima↔Chernobyl

  23. Fakten • Das Japan Desaster ist eine Folge des Erdbebens der Stärke 9. • Der Zumani ist eine Folge davon. • Die Probleme mit den Kernkraftwerken sind ebenfalls eine Folge davon.

  24. Press Articles „on Fukushima“: until 14.04.2011 Germany43.640 All other EU member states 9.300 Source: Meltwater News

  25. Consequences • Increasing safety • passive safety measures • Man independent safety features • Increasing time for passive safety handling • Construction accepting large accidents • Standardisation, Modul Structure • Improving economic factors

  26. European Pressured Water Reactor - EPR melted core pot

  27. prompte Kritikalität(~ 0,6% bei U-235) • Nachzerfallswärme( ca. 20 MW nach 1 St.) • Waste (pro KKW:18 kg/a Np-237; 70 kg/a Am-243 ) • Terrorismus Chernobyl Fukushima Problemfelder

  28. Waste Radiotoxizität ohne und mit Transmutation

  29. Spallation Process Each heavy nucleus can be transfered to a light and short living one ~ 1 GeV

  30. Accelerator Driven Nuclear Systems Probleme: • high current accelerator • high activity handling • window problems • nuclear transmutation • nuclear energy • no transient behavior

  31. Fusion Probleme: 100 Mill. Grad kg Mengen von Tritium Magneteinschluss

  32. ITER-FEAT Design International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor- Fusion Energy Amplifier TOKAMAK Design Central Solenoid Blanket Module Vacuum Vessel Outer Intercoil Structure Cryostat Toroidal Field Coil Port Plug (EC Heating) Poloidal Field Coil Divertor Machine Gravity Supports Torus Cryopump

  33. SUMMARY More nuclear energy More efficient and safer installations Nuclear Transmutation as an Option Fusion in 50 Years ? In Europe and oversea

  34. Comparison of Electricity Generating Costs (Finland 2008)

  35. Abfall Radiotoxizität ohne und mit Transmutation

  36. Deutschland Österreich

  37. __________________________ Fortschrittliche Reaktoren - EPR Reaktorgebäude • zylindrisch • doppelschalig • gegen Absturz eines schnellfliegenden Militärflugzeuges ausgelegt ___________________________ Otmar Promper Atominstitut der Österreichischen Universitäten

  38. __________________________ Fortschrittliche Reaktoren - EPR Beherrschung von Kernschmelzunfällen • Opfermaterial zur Temperaturabsenkung • Ausbreitungsfläche • passive Einrichtungen zur Kühlung

  39. Electricity Production in Germany (2008 – 2010) TWh 24% 23% 57% Fossil 23% Nuclear 16% Renewables 19% 13% 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% Installed capacity 14 % 13% 18% 15% 3% 17% 11%

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