Morphological Analysis

1. Morphological Analysis Lim Kay Yie Kong Moon Moon Rosaidabtibrahim Nor hayatibtjamaludin

2. Morphology is the study of the structure and formation of words. Its most important unit is the morpheme, which is defined as the "minimal unit of meaning". (Linguistics textbooks usually define it slightly differently as "the minimal unit of grammatical analysis".) Definition of morphology

3. Consider a word like: "unhappiness". This has three parts:There are three morphemes, each carrying a certain amount of meaning. un means "not", while ness means "being in a state or condition". Happy is a free morpheme because it can appear on its own (as a "word" in its own right).

4. Stem • A stem is a base morpheme to which another morphological piece is • attached. • It can be simple, made up of only one part, or complex,itself made up of • more than one piece. • Example: • Word reconsideration. We can break it into threemorphemes: • re-, consider, and -ation. • - Consider is called the stem. • Root • A root is like a stem in constitutingthe core of the word to which other • pieces attach, but the term refers only to morphologically simple units. • Example: • Disagree is the stem of disagreement, because it is the base to which -ment attaches, but agree is the root. Taking disagree now, agree is • both the stem to which dis- attaches and the root of the entire word.

5. Affix • An additional element placed at the beginning or end of a root, stem, or • word, or in the body of a word, to modify its meaning. • Example: • Reconsideration • re-and -ation are both affixes • Prefix • A letter or group of letters attached to the beginning of a word that partly • indicates its meaning. • Common prefixes include anti-(against), co- (with), mis- (wrong, bad). • Example: • dis- = apart, away, disappears.” • Suffix • A letter or group of letters attached to the end of a word that partly • indicates its meaning. • Example:-ful = have, beautiful

6. Bound morphemeshave to be attached to a free morpheme, and so cannot be words in their own right. Thus you can't have sentences in English such as "Jason feels very un ness today". Morphological processes1. Inflection Process of changing the form of a word so that it expresses information such as number, person, case, gender, tense, mood and aspect, but the syntactic category of the word remains unchanged. As an example, the plural form of the noun in English is usually formed from the singular form by adding an s. car / cars table / tables dog / dogs

7. Other examples of Inflection: • By adding • a)’s (possessive) • b) -ing(verb suffix meaning “in process” : is reading) • -er (comparative: smarter) • -est (superlatve suffix: smartest) • -ed (past tense or irregular variants, as in • bought and ate) • f) “perfect” suffix on verbs ( -en, as in he has taken the cake.)

8. 2. Derivation- Derivation does change the category. Linguists classify derivation in English according to whether or not it induces a change of pronunciation. - For instance, adding the suffix itychanges the pronunciation of the root of activeso the stress is on the second syllable: activity.-The addition of the suffix al to approve doesn't change the pronunciation of the root: approval.

9. Derivational Affixes • In Nouns • - age (appendage) - ity (personality) • - al (arrival) - let (outlet) • - ance (acceptance) -ment (government) • -ness (kindness) -ful (handful) • -tion (absorption) -ship (friendship) • -ism (socialism) -ist (socialist) • -er (babysitter) -ant (assistant) • -icle (particle) -ure (departure) • In Verbs • -ate (satiate) -re (rewrite) • -ize (regularize) un- (undo) • -en (harden) de- (deregulate) • -ify (glorify)

10. Derivational Affixes • In Adjectives • -able (readable) -like (childlike) • -al (accidental) -ory (regulatory) • anti- (anti-war) -ous (porous) • -ary (visionary) -semi (semilogical) • -ent (confident) -super (supermarket) • -ful (beautiful) -trans (trans-Siberian) • -ish (boyish) -ultra (ultrasensitive) • -less (priceless) • -ive (active) • -in (intolerant) • In Adverbs • -ly (slowly) -wise (timewise) • In Members of More Than One World Class • -an (American [noun and adjective]) • -ly (friendly [adjective], eagerly [adverb]) • post- (postscript [noun], postdate [verb]) • pre- (preview [noun and verb])

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15. Analysing morphemes You can do this in 3 ways :- • By dividing it up with hyphens e.g. truth-ful-ness • By using a tree diagram OR hierarchical structure • truth - ful - ness N A N

16. Dividing with hyphens Divide into base form + morphemes truth = one morpheme truthful = base form + bound morpheme (truth-ful) truthfulness = base form + bound + bound (truth-ful-ness)

17. Constructing tree diagrams (1) Divide the word into its constuent morphemes e.g. greed-i-ness Decide the root and its grammatical category : greed = noun (N) Decide the grammatical category of all the new words created by the other morphemes greedy = adjective (A) greediness = noun (N)

18. Constructing tree diagrams (2) • Write the divided word at the bottom of the page greed-i-ness • Write the grammatical category of the root and join it to the word: • greed • Write the grammatical category • of all thenew words created by the other morphemes and join them up greed-i greed-i-ness N N A

19. Now write the word and connect up all the categories. Can you label the boxes?

20. Answers.. Greed > Greedy > Greediness

21. REFERENCES Ingo Plag. (2003). Word-Formation in English. Cambridge University Press. Jeffrey P. Kaplan. (1989). English Grammar Principles and Facts. Prentice- Hall International Michael Newby. (1987). The Structure of English. Cambridge University Press. Thomas P. Klammer. (1992). Analyzing English Grammar. Allyn and Bacon.