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Morphology: Morphemes and morphological analysis

Morphology: Morphemes and morphological analysis. Linguistics 400 Winter 2010. Overview. Morphemes vs. words Morphological analysis. Please turn off your cell phone. What is morphology?. Textbook definitions “the study of word making” “meaning relationships between words”. Words.

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Morphology: Morphemes and morphological analysis

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  1. Morphology:Morphemes and morphological analysis Linguistics 400 Winter 2010

  2. Overview • Morphemes vs. words • Morphological analysis Please turn off your cell phone

  3. What is morphology? • Textbook definitions • “the study of word making” • “meaning relationships between words”

  4. Words • What is a word? • Surrounded by “white space”. But: • Inconsistency • feedback • road rage • time-depth • Languages without writing systems? • (Some) words can be an answer to a question • what did we just witness? road rage • what do I need most right now? feedback

  5. Words and morphemes • Morpheme: largest form (sound, gesture) associated with a particular meaning • [|flɑwɹ̩] • flowers • 2 morphemes: [|flɑwɹ̩-z] or [|flɑwɹ̩+z]

  6. Free vs. bound morphemes • free: can stand alone as word • certain, able, carton, finch, pinch, sycamore • bound: must be attached to some other morpheme to form a word • some bound morphemes in English • -able (-/ʌbʌl/): lovable • un- (/ʌn/-) negative: unlovable

  7. Root vs. affix morphemes • Roots • major (referring) component of word meaning • typically longer than affixes • can be bound or free • usu. one (or more) root morphemes per word • flower [flɑwɹ̩] is a word • also one root morpheme

  8. A bound root • Cran- cranberry: cran- + berry cranapple: cran- + apple and more

  9. Affixes • Prefixes • /ʌn/- negative:  kind, unkind • Suffixes • -/z/ plural • Infixes • another, “a whole nother”

  10. Caveat: homophony • Which of the following words contain the same suffix? • taller, caller, faller • taller, uglier, prettier • taller, number, somber • taller, bomber, teacher • -er comparative • taller, uglier, prettier • -er agentive/instrumental • caller, faller, bomber, teacher • -er not a suffix in • number, somber • -er comparative and -er agentive are homophones • same sound, different meaning

  11. Morpheme types

  12. Allomorphy

  13. Morphological analysis • Goal • Determine morphemes, any restrictions on combining morphemes • How? • Compare two or more words which differ minimally in form and meaning • Pairwise comparison best • Largest form associated with a meaning: morpheme

  14. Practice with morphological analysis: Sahaptin

  15. Vowel system [ɨ] = high central unrounded vowel: [|sɨkni] ‘yellow bell’ [ii] = [i:] = long high front unrounded vowel etc. [ɑ] = mid central unrounded vowel ([ʌ] ~ [ə]): [plɑʃ] ‘white’

  16. Sahaptin consonants

  17. [ɬ] Voiceless lateral alveolar fricative [ɬap] [ʔaaɬ] [ɬwaaj] ‘flap (flapping noise)’ ‘generous’ ‘slowly’ Voiceless lateral alveolar affricate: [tɬ] [tɬup] ‘jump’ Lateral ejective affricate: [tɬ’] [tɬ’iks] ‘soon’

  18. Some Sahaptin verbs Morphological analysis |sɨnwi ‘talk’ + ʃɑɑʃ ‘I (am)’ (present) |kɑɑm ‘miss’ Morphological analysis |ʃp’ɑwi ‘play ball’ + ʃɑɑʃ ‘I (am)’ (present)

  19. Summary • Words consist of morphemes • Root vs. affix • Bound vs. free • Morphological analysis

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