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MORPHOLOGY

MORPHOLOGY. 26 th February II lecture. Today’s (wishful) plan. What is a word? Word-forms Lexemes Grammatical words Inflectional and derivational morphology What are words made up of? Morphemes, morphs and allomorphs Free and bound morphemes Phonaesthemes and onomatopoeia

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MORPHOLOGY

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  1. MORPHOLOGY 26th February II lecture

  2. Today’s (wishful) plan • What is a word? • Word-forms • Lexemes • Grammatical words • Inflectional and derivational morphology • What are words made up of? • Morphemes, morphs and allomorphs • Free and bound morphemes • Phonaesthemes and onomatopoeia • How languages treat words and morphemes • Isolating • Agglutinating • Inflecting - synthetic • Polysynthetic languages

  3. What is a word? • Intuitive notion • writing is easy – orthographic words: Most kids went to school yesterday, but my kid didn’t go, he stayed at home with a stomachache. • What about speech? Hm…

  4. …more… • Word in one language is not a word in another Paiute: Wu-to-kuchum-punku-rugani-yugwi-va-ntu-mu “they who are going to sit and cut up with a knife a black bull” Turkish: everinde “in their house” Serbian: vladah “I used to rule” English: easy-to-use dishes

  5. set of criteria by which we can diagnose an item as a word – a phonological word • Content words and function words • Stress pattern • Ordering of elements within a word or a phrase (doctor’s bag, the bag of the doctor) • Morphological conditioning (ox – oxen) • phonotactic rules

  6. Word forms and lexemes Most kids went to school yesterday, but my kid didn’t go, he stayed at home with a stomachache. Kid = child - lexeme Kids, kid – representation – word form Go = meaning to move - lexeme Go, went – representation – word form

  7. Write – write, writes, writing, wrote, written • Smart – smart, smarter, smartest • Cat – cat, cats • Good – good, better, best

  8. A word-form can belong to different lexemes – homonyms (serve) • If only the phonemic representation is the same – homophones (hoarse, horse) • Polysemy –closely related meanings of the same word-form (force) • Context, ambiguity, relevance

  9. Grammatical words • Words from grammatical perspective • Morpho-syntacitc words Representations (word-forms) of lexemes which fill in a certain syntactic place I saw the sheriff after I had seen the deputy. • Syncretism: You hit me.

  10. Inflectional Child, children Break, broke, broken (word-forms, paradigms) Derivational Child-childhood Nation - nationalize Morphology

  11. Morpheme, morph, allomorph UNTOUCHABLES un-touch-able-s un – negation touch – meaning -able – assigns the quality of X -s – the marker of plurality

  12. MORPHEME – the minimal unit of grammatical analysis • Morphemes are realized as MORPHS, either as a phonetic or orthographic form MORPH is a segment of a word-form which represents a particular morpheme

  13. This cow is eating grass. • These cows are eating hay. • Can you substitute cow with cows? • What about sheep? • WAS – cannot be segmented, but it is a morpheme = BE + PRETERITE (past tense) + SIGULAR at the same time • PORTMANTEAU MORPH • Think about: radila – raditi+past+feminine+singular • Stolovima?

  14. ALLO what? • ALLOMORPHS! • Phonologically, lexically or grammatically conditioned realizations of the same morph • Books, churches, boys • imperfect, irregular, illiterate • Books vs. oxen • Article in German (conditioned by the gender of the noun)

  15. Free and Bound • Free morphs can occur in isolation (can also be word-forms) • Bound morphs can only occur in conjunction with at least one other morph

  16. Blender • Happiness • Unhappy • Unbelievably • Denationalization • Volim • nismo

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