1. Morphology Morphology 1

2. Morphology is thefield within linguistics that studies the internal structure of words. Morphology 1

3. a morpheme • the smallest unit of grammatical analysis. Morphology 1

4. be identifiable from one word to another and Contribute in some way to the meaning of the whole word. Morphology 1

5. MORPHEMES • inflectional work – work(-s) work – work (-ed) • paradigm • derivational read + -er un- + tie Morphology 1

6. A word and its forms: DERIVATION Morphology 1

7. Derivationally related words are different words with a shared base. • We talk about so called word classes , primary grammatical categories,parts of speech or lexical categories: Morphology 1

8. Why do we group words into categories? Morphology 1

9. The lexicon (vocabulary) of language - much higher than a hundred thousand. • It is convenient not to study individual items but to group certain items into classes sharing certain features, and examine them together Morphology 1

10. conversion (or zero derivation) • word passing from one word class to another (or several others) without taking any affix Morphology 1

11. A word and its forms: INFLECTION Morphology 1

12. (- s ), (- ed),(-er), are attached to words to indicate their grammatical functions, for example number, tense, degree, without involving a full semantic change (i.e. a change in meaning). • i n f l e x i o n a l morphemes. • p a r a d i g m • Inflectionally related word forms are the forms of the same word • A paradigm is the complete set of related word-forms associated with a given lexeme Morphology 1

13. LEXEME ? Morphology 1

14. PERFORM • This pianist performs in the local hall every week. • Mary told us that this pianist performed in the local hall every week. • These pianists perform in the local hall every week. Morphology 1

15. PERFORM = LEXEME=an abstract kind of word of which the word forms are all inflectional variants Morphology 1

16. TELL is a lexeme of told (past tense of tell ) • PIANIST is a lexeme of PIANISTS (plural of pianist) Morphology 1

17. Inflection vs. word-formation Morphology 1

18. inflectional rules - relate different forms of the same lexeme • word-formation - relate two different lexemes. Morphology 1

19. word-formation: • derivation and compounding Morphology 1

20. COMPOUNDS Morphology 1

21. A compound is a word composed of more than one free morpheme. Morphology 1

22. COMPOUND VERBS: • COMPOUND ADJECTIVES • COMPOUND NOUNS • HEADED AND HEADLESS COMPOUNDS • BLENDS AND ACRONYMS • COMPOUNDS CONTAINING BOUND COMBINING FORMS • PHRASAL WORDS Morphology 1

23. COMPOUND VERBS Morphology 1

24. VERB_VERB (VV) • stir-fry, freeze-dry • NOUN –VERB (NV) • hand-wash, air-condition , steam-clean • ADJECITVE-VERB (AV) • dry-clean, whitewash • PREPOSITION-VERB (PV) underestimate, outrun, overcook • ADVERB-VERB (Ad-V) • downsize, upgrade Morphology 1

25. right-headed Morphology 1

26. Blacklist Morphology 1

27. collective meaning Morphology 1

28. Hyphenation • Unhyphenated,solid -compound verbs with single-syllable modifiers • overhang • hyphenated - longer modifiers • Air-condition Morphology 1

29. COMPOUND ADJECTIVES • are constructed in a very similar way to the compound nouns • a modifier of a noun • It consists of two or more morphemes of which the left-hand component limits or changes the modification of the right-hand one • "the dark-green dress":dark limits the green that modifies dress. Morphology 1

30. NOUN-ADJECTIVE (NA) sky-high, coal-black, oil-rich • ADJECTIVE-ADJECTIVE (AA) grey-green, red-hot • PREPOSITION-ADJECTIVE (PA) underfull, overactive Morphology 1

31. VA structure, corresponding to the VV verbs would resemble hypothetical „sing-happy“ (happy enough to sing), • „fail-safe“ (designed to return to a safe condition if it fails or goes wrong). • They scarcely exist, even though it is easy enough to find plausible meanings for them. • This reflects the relative reluctance of verbs to participate in compounding generally in English. • All the compounds here are again right – headed. Morphology 1

32. Solid compound adjectives • earsplitting, eyecatching, and downtown. (AmE) • ear-splitting, eye-catching (BrE) • Numbers that are spelled out and havethe suffix-fold added: "fifteenfold", "sixfold". • Points of the compass: • northwest, northwester, northwesterly,northwestwards, but not North-West Frontier. Morphology 1

33. Hyphenated compound adjectives • A compound adjective is hyphenated if the hyphen helps the reader differentiate a compound adjective from two adjacent adjectives that each independently modify the noun. Morphology 1

34. "acetic acid solution": a bitter solution producing vinegar or acetic acid (acetic + acid + solution) • "acetic-acid solution": a solution of acetic acid Morphology 1

35. The hyphen is unneeded when capitalization or italicization makes grouping clear: • old English scholar: an old person who is English and a scholar, or an old scholar who studies English • "Old English scholar": a scholar of Old English. • "De facto proceedings" (not "de-facto") Morphology 1

36. no risk of ambiguities - may be written without a hyphen: • Sunday morning walk. Morphology 1

37. Hyphenated compound adjectives may have been formed originally by anadjective preceding a noun: • Round table" → "round-table discussion" • "Blue sky" → "blue-sky law" • "Red light" → "red-light district" • "Four wheels" → "four-wheel drive" (the singular, not the plural, is used) Morphology 1

38. Others may have originated with a verb preceding an adjective or adverb: • "Feel good" → "feel-good factor" • "Buy now, pay later" → "buy-now pay-later purchase" Morphology 1

39. others are created with an original verb preceding a preposition. • "Stick on" → "stick-on label" • "Walk on" → "walk-on part" • "Stand by" → "stand-by fare" • "Roll on, roll off" → "roll-on roll-off ferry" Morphology 1

40. The following compound adjectives are always hyphenated when they are not written as one word: Morphology 1

41. An adjective preceding a noun to which -d or -ed has been added as a past-participle construction, used before a noun: • "loud-mouthed hooligan" • "middle-aged lady" • "rose-tinted glasses" Morphology 1

42. A noun, adjective, or adverb preceding a present participle: • "an awe-inspiring personality" • "a long-lasting affair" • "a far-reaching decision Morphology 1

43. Numbers spelled out or as numerics: • "seven-year itch" • "five-sided polygon" • "20th-century poem" • "30-piece band" • "tenth-storey window" Morphology 1

44. A numeric with the affix -fold has a hyphen(15-fold), but when spelled out takes a solid construction (fifteenfold). Morphology 1

45. Numbers, spelled out or numeric, with added -odd: sixteen-odd, 70-odd. • Compound adjectives with high- or low-: "high-level discussion", "low-price markup". • Colours in compounds: • "a dark-blue sweater" • "a reddish-orange dress". Morphology 1

46. Fractions as modifiers are hyphenated: "five-eighths inches", but not in "a thirty-three thousandth part". • Fractions used as nouns have no hyphens: "I ate only one third of the pie." Morphology 1

47. Comparatives and superlatives in compound adjectives also take hyphens: • "the highest-placed competitor" • "a shorter-term loan" • However, a construction with mostis not hyphenated: • "the most respected member". Morphology 1

48. The following compound adjectives are not normally hyphenated: Morphology 1

49. Where there is no risk of ambiguity: • "a Sunday morning walk" • Left-hand components of a compound adjective that end in -ly that modify right-hand components that are past participles (ending in -ed): • "a hotly disputed subject" • "a greatly improved scheme" • "a distantly related celebrity" Morphology 1

50. Compound adjectives that include comparatives and superlatives with more, most, less or least: • "a more recent development" • "the most respected member" • "a less opportune moment" • "the least expected event" Morphology 1