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MORPHOLOGY

MORPHOLOGY. What is MORHOLOGY?. It is the study of the smallest meaning-bearing units and the rules governing them , the study of the structure of words. Cont.

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MORPHOLOGY

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  1. MORPHOLOGY

  2. What is MORHOLOGY? It is the study of thesmallest meaning-bearingunits and the rules governingthem, the study of the structure of words.

  3. Cont. To convey meaning, sounds are not combined into words. But in fact, words are not the smallest unit in meaning. Many words are made of smaller units of meaning, and these units are combined in particular ways, forming words.

  4. What is a morpheme? A morpheme, which is designated with braces, { }, is the smallest meaning-bearing unit of language. For example, re- is not a word, but it does carry meaning. NOTICEMorpheme is the Greek word for “form”; -eme as in “phoneme” means “class of”.

  5. Cont. Words can be made of one or more morphemes. FOR EXAMPLE tove+s tove+ly un+tove+ly Morphemes are the smallest units forming the bridge between sound and meaning in language, and they are as important in linguistic analysis as words.

  6. Cont. Every morpheme in a language has a) A characteristic phonological make-up. b) Restrictions on the positions it can occupy with respect to other morphemes. (the plural-s in English occurs only after the noun).

  7. Cont. Most morphemes also have a meaning, but a few are simply carries of other meaningful elements. (like did = past and negative). We call them empty or grammatical morphemes.

  8. Cont. When morphemes combine to make words, they combine in layers. Take for instance, the word fatalistic. We do not view this word simply as linear sequence, for instance ic fate al + ist + +

  9. Cont. But it can be shown as fate fatal fatalist fatalistic Or equivalently, by use of brackets as in [fate] [ ic] [ ist] [ al]

  10. Morphemes BASES AFFIXES noun adjective verb prefix suffix infix adverb

  11. FREE MORPHEMES Many words are themselves, such as {dry} and {water}; they can not be broken down into smaller units that in themselves carry meaning( content free morphemes). But many words consist of more than one morpheme.

  12. Cont. Most compound words, such as sandbox, are created by joining together two morphemes, each of which can be recognized as a word that carries a meaning by itself. Grammatical free morphemes are words like the, all, and. All these morphemes named as free morphemes; that is, they exist as independent words.

  13. BASES A base morpheme is the part of a word that has the principal meaning. For example denial lovable NOTICE Most bases are free morphemes; but some of them are bound, like –sent in consent, dissent, and assent.

  14. Bound morphemes Bound morphemes occur only when attached to another morpheme. This type includes affixes; prefixes, infixes and suffixes of all kinds, such as { pre-}, {-ness}, {-ed}, and many others. For example reprinted NOTEthat each morpheme (free or bound) must occur with the same meaning in other combinations.

  15. AFFIXES An affix is a bound morpheme that occurs before or within or after a base. There are three kinds, prefixes, infixes, and suffixes.

  16. PREFIXES Prefixes are those bound morphemes that occurs before a base, as in import, reconsider. Their meanings are often those of English prepositions and adverbials.

  17. INFIXES Infixes are bound morphemes that have been inserted within a word. In English these very rare. For example goose/ geese chose / chosen (choose)

  18. Suffixes Suffixes are bound morphemes that occur after a base, like failure, noisy, realize, nails, dreamed. suffixes may pile up to the number of three or four, whereas prefixes are commonly single, except for the negative un- before another prefix.

  19. Types of bound morphemes AFFIXES prefix suffix Inflectional morphemes Derivational morphemes Derivational morphemes

  20. Inflectional morphemes Inflectional morphemes or affixes signal GRAMMATICAL relationships, such as plural, pastTENSE and possession, and do not change the grammatical CLASS of the STEMS to which they are attached.

  21. CONT. In English, they are all suffixes and all occur at the very end of a word, after any derivative suffixes that might be present.

  22. Derivational morphemes Derivative morphemes are called so because they are used to derive new words and meanings. In English, there are two kinds, those that change syntactic categories and the meaningof the root to which they attach. e.g. sing singer

  23. Cont. On the other hand, prefixes only change themeaning of the root without affecting the syntactic category. E.g .mal- maladjusted.

  24. Cont. The largest class of category- changing derivatives suffixes in English are “nominalizers” which make nouns out of adjectives or verbs(-acy,-ance,-ism, -ist, -ity). Also, adjectivalizers include(-able,-al, -an, -ful, -ic , -ish,-ous), verbializers include (-ate, -en) and adverbializers form the smallest set, and are chiefly( –ly, and -ward.

  25. ALLOMORPHS The morpheme is an abstract unit. In actual speech, one morpheme may have several pronunciations or several phonological forms. just as phonemes are abstract units realized through allophones, morphemes are realized through allomorphs. Allomorphs are any of the variant forms of a morpheme.

  26. ALLOMORPHS Many of the MORPHEMES of the language appear in different forms, depending on the context in which they appear. The morphemes which expresses plurality in English, for instance, appears in several variants: cap- caps, log- logs, force- forces, mouse- mice, sheep- sheep, etc. Each of these variants forms would be said to be an allomorph of the plural morpheme. These allomorphs help to account for the differences in pronunciation of the various plural endings.

  27. Difficulties in Morphemic Analysis Words such as Regard cranberry ( blueberry, blackberry, and strawberry)

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