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Today is Wednesday, October 23 rd , 2013

In This Lesson: Diversity and Organization of Life (Lesson 5 of 5). Today is Wednesday, October 23 rd , 2013. Pre-Class What does the Golgi Apparatus do? How about the lysosome ?. You need a small bit o’ paper towel too. Just sayin ’….

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Today is Wednesday, October 23 rd , 2013

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  1. In This Lesson: Diversity and Organization of Life (Lesson 5 of 5) Today is Wednesday,October 23rd, 2013 Pre-Class What does the Golgi Apparatus do? How about the lysosome? You need a small bit o’ paper towel too. Just sayin’… http://classes.ansci.illinois.edu/ansc438/mamstructure/Golgi.GIF

  2. Today’s Agenda • That core assessment thing. • Another way to sort life. • Diversity and classification of life. • Body organization. • Where is this in my book? • Academic: P. 190 and following… • Honors: P. 6 and following…

  3. Endosymbiosis • The topic of your coming core assessment is endosymbiosis. What’s that? • Here’s a simplified picture:  The first eukaryote Prokaryote (with developing nucleus)  Prokaryote http://endosymbiotichypothesis.files.wordpress.com/2010/09/endosymbiosis_c_la_784.jpg

  4. Endosymbiosis • If you need a reminder, both mitochondria and chloroplasts have a double membrane and their own DNA (which is not used for much) – unusual for an organelle. • They even have their own ribosomes! • Scientists think this is evidence that mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free-living bacteria – living outside the cell. • In other words, mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free-living prokaryotes (bacteria).

  5. Endosymbiosis • Then, as other organisms began to photosynthesize, levels of oxygen in the atmosphere rose dramatically. • As a result, some prokaryotic cells (that could use the excess oxygen to produce energy for the cell) invaded others, later evolving to be mitochondria. • Meanwhile the same thing occurred with the organisms that were photosynthesizing, with those prokaryotes evolving into chloroplasts. • The biological concept of one thing invading/taking-in another is called endosymbiosis.

  6. Endosymbiosis • In short: • There are lots of bacteria on early Earth. • Oxygen levels rise considerably. • Small aerobic bacteria invade larger anaerobic bacteria (which have nuclei developing) – endosymbiosis. • Together, along with the formation of the nucleus, the eukaryotic cell evolves. • The smaller aerobic bacteria become today’s mitochondria (with a similar process leading to chloroplasts).

  7. Endosymbiosis http://schoolworkhelper.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/Endosymbiosis.jpg

  8. Classifying Life • Remember that classifying life is very difficult. • We went over the eight different characteristics something must have to be considered alive. • There’s still room for “weirdness.” • To start with, not even everything uses oxygen. • Aerobic: using oxygen • Anaerobic:not using oxygen

  9. Carl Linnaeus • Developed the system of classification we use (KPCOFGS) around 1735. • Has since been revised to include Domain and now all sorts of other levels of classification. http://gap.entclub.org/taxonomists/Linnaeus/Carolus_Linnaeus.jpg

  10. The Diversity of Life EUKARYOTES PROKARYOTES http://scepticon.files.wordpress.com/2009/02/phylogenetictreeoflife.jpg

  11. Prokaryotes • The vast majority of prokaryotes are unicellular. • They only have one cell. • For our purposes we will consider them all to be unicellular. • And now, a photo gallery of some lovely prokaryotes!

  12. Bacillus Bacteria http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/16cm05/1116/16monera.htm

  13. Cocci Bacteria

  14. Spirilla Bacteria

  15. Cyanobacteria (“Blue-Green Algae”) http://user.uni-frankfurt.de/~schauder/cyanos/cylin2_bg.jpg

  16. Eukaryotes • Eukaryotes can be either unicellular or multicellular. • Remember, as long as it has a nucleus it’s a eukaryote. • Like eu! • Plants, animals, and fungi are all eukaryotic, along with a BUNCH of other stuff. • Eukaryotes can look very different from one another. • Eukaryote photo gallery!

  17. The Diversity of Life EUKARYOTES PROKARYOTES http://scepticon.files.wordpress.com/2009/02/phylogenetictreeoflife.jpg

  18. Paramecium http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Paramecium.jpg

  19. Slime Mold http://scientopia.org/blogs/scicurious/files/2010/10/slime-mold.jpg

  20. Water Bear (micro-animal!) http://www.technovelgy.com/graphics/content08/water-bear.jpg

  21. Water Bear (micro-animal!) http://starcraftscience.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/tardigrade1.jpg

  22. Water Bear (micro-animal!) http://thecontaminated.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/tardigrade-water-bear.jpg

  23. Algae (True Algae) http://infranetlab.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/09_02_23_algae_farm04.jpg

  24. Blood-Tooth Fungus http://bunkstrutts.files.wordpress.com/2007/10/blood_tooth_fungus1.jpg

  25. You http://cdn.crushable.com/files/2012/09/mama-june-shannon-nope.gif

  26. Baobab Tree http://www.scottbeaulier.com/BaobabTree.jpg

  27. Ebola Virus (???) http://mrbarlow.files.wordpress.com/2010/06/ebola.jpg

  28. Tree of Life • There is an ambitious website called the Tree of Life Project. • Its aim is to create a virtual tree of life connecting all known forms of life. • Kinda difficult. Just sayin’… • Right now, you can trace a path from the roots of the tree (the broadest category of life) to the ends of the branches of the tree (the narrowest categories of life). • You can also go from the roots all the way out to humans, and that’s your job for this little activity.

  29. The Path from Our Roots • Eukaryotes • Animals • Bilateria (animals with bilateral symmetry) • Deuterostomia (animals that developed along a certain pattern) • Chordata (animals with backbones) • Craniata (animals with skulls) • Vertebrata (animals with spines) • Gnathostomata (vertebrates with jaws) • Sarcopterygii

  30. The Path from Our Roots • Sarcopterygii (Lobe-finned fish and land vertebrates) • Terrestrial vertebrates (land animals with backbones) • Amniota (egg-based) • Synapsida (mammals) • Therapsida (mammals) • Mammalia (mammals) • Eutheria (placental mammals) • Primates • Catarrhini (Humans, apes, Old-World Monkeys)

  31. The Path from Our Roots • Catarrhini • Hominidae (humans, great apes) (brace yourselves) • Homo (brace yourselves - humans) • Homo sapiens

  32. Levels of Organization • In multicellular organisms, cells tend to become specialized as they grow. • They do different jobs. • Stem cells are not yet specialized, but can become virtually any kind of cell – they can differentiate. • Between the cell and the complete organism are several levels of organization. • Now it’s your turn to use the BioScale.

  33. Levels of Organization • Using your whiteboards (and partners), fill in the missing space in the BioScale below: • (Draw it in your notebooks too) Organism Cells Organelles Not to scale…

  34. Moving upward from cells… • A group of cells that has a common job is called a tissue. • There are four major tissue types in the body: • Epithelial (linings and membranes, barriers) • Connective (structures and holds things) • Muscle • Nerve

  35. Epithelial Tissue http://www.stegen.k12.mo.us/tchrpges/sghs/ksulkowski/images/10_Simple_Squamous_Apical_Epithelial_Tissue.jpg

  36. Connective Tissue http://www.carlalbert.edu/dwann/tissue_images/connective%20tissue,%20loose,%20areolar.jpg

  37. Muscular Tissue http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_v2GFIISzHOU/R7lRf2YflXI/AAAAAAAAAC8/V9Qdc86FSrc/s400/Muscular%2BTissue.jpg

  38. Nerve Tissue http://www.occc.edu/biologylabs/Images/Cells_Membranes/nuero.jpg

  39. BioScale Organism ? ? Tissues Cells Organelles Organic Molecules Compounds Atoms Subatomic Particles

  40. Levels of Organization • Acting out the levels of organization • Class bonding! • Some of you will be tissues.

  41. Moving up from tissues… • A group of at least two or more different types of tissues working together is called an organ. • Examples of organs include: • Heart • Brain • Liver • Spleen • Stomach

  42. Trivia Question! • What’s the biggest organ in the body? • The skin. • Your skin is your largest organ, and it has several different kinds of tissues in it: • Outside of skin (epidermis) – epithelial tissue. • Inside of skin (dermis) – connective tissue. • “Hey, your epidermis is showing!”

  43. BioScale Organism ? Organs Tissues Cells Organelles Organic Molecules Compounds Atoms Subatomic Particles

  44. Levels of Organization • Acting out the levels of organization • Class bonding! • Some of you will be tissues. • Now those of you that were tissues were an organ – the skin!

  45. Moving up from organs… • A group of at least two or more different types of organs working together is called… • An organ system! • Examples of human organ systems include: • Nervous system (nerves) • Endocrine system (hormones) • Circulatory system (arteries, veins, capillaries) • Muscular System (muscles)

  46. Organ Systems Nervous System Endocrine System Circulatory System Muscular System

  47. Organ Systems Organism

  48. BioScale Organism Organ Systems Organs Tissues Cells Organelles Organic Molecules Compounds Atoms Subatomic Particles

  49. Levels of Organization • Acting out the levels of organization • Class bonding! • We will all be an organ system. • Some of us are epithelial tissue (epidermis) • Some of us are connective tissue (dermis) • Some of are adipose tissue (subcutaneous layer) • With our powers combined, we become the integumentary system (your skin, hair, and other stuff).

  50. Let’s have some closure… • Draw in your notebook a diagram, pyramid, concept map, (whatever you want) that would represent how organisms, organ systems, organs, tissues, and cells all relate. • Here’s a start: Organism

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