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Understanding Photosynthesis: Energy and Life in Plants

Today, we'll delve into the fascinating process of photosynthesis, exploring where energy comes from and how plants create their own food. We will distinguish between autotrophs and heterotrophs, learn about ATP and its role in energy transfer, and examine key organelles like chloroplasts. Discover how chlorophyll captures sunlight, allowing plants to convert water and carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen. This session will include practice questions to solidify your understanding of these essential biological concepts.

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Understanding Photosynthesis: Energy and Life in Plants

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  1. Today is Wednesday, March 13, 2013 DO NOW: Take Biology practice w/s 53 and complete

  2. Photosynthesis Chapter 8

  3. 8-1 Energy & Life • Where does energy come from? • Sun???? • Autotrophs • Organisms that make their own food • Use light energy • Aka producers • Sun’s energy gets turned into sugar → used for energy • Plants & some organisms Energy = E

  4. Energy & Life • Heterotrophs • Aka consumers • Consume other organisms for energy • Only 10% of energy gets transferred to next organism • Leopards, humans, bears

  5. Energy & Life • Decomposers • Breakdown dead/decaying matter • Bacteria, fungi • Energy released from sugars & other compounds http://techalive.mtu.edu/meec/module10/Decomposition.htm

  6. Chemical Energy & ATP • ATP – adenosine troposphere – adenine, 5 carbon sugar – ribose, 3 phosphate groups • Phosphates – release & store energy • ADP – adenosine diphosphate – 1 less phosphate than ATP

  7. Heterotrophs are also known as______________. • Producers • Consumers • Decomposers • All of these • Both 1 & 2 • Both 2 & 3

  8. TRUE/FALSE: Plants are producers. • True • False

  9. Where do plants get their energy? • Glucose • Water • CO2 • Sun

  10. Autotrophs _______. • get their food by eating other plants & animals • make their own food

  11. ATP is a molecule that ______. • stores & releases energy • captures energy • makes energy

  12. Heterotrophs get their energy from ______. • Sun • Glucose • Plants/animals • O2

  13. TRUE/FALSE: Decomposers are harmful to the environment. • True • False

  14. Leaf Anatomy Stomata (stoma) – opening that allows for gas exchange Mesophyll - layer of leaf is where photosynthesis occurs palisades – packed cells that absorb sun spongy – contains air spaces between cells Vein – supplies water from roots, and delivers glucose to rest of plant xylem – carries H2O from roots to leaves phloem – carries sugars to rest of plant Guard cells – cells that surround the stoma to control it opening & closing

  15. Anatomy of a Chloroplast A. Thylakoids 1. saclike photosynthetic membranes 2. where light reactions occur 3. photosystems made of pigments a. Chlorophyll a and b b. Carotenoids c. Xanthrophyll 4. Grana a. stacks of thylakoids 5. Stroma a. dark reactions (Calvin Cycle)

  16. Photosynthesis A. Definition 1. Use of sun’s energy to convert water & CO2 into sugar & O2 B. Formula 1. 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light E  C6H12O6 + 6 O2 c. Produces carbohydrates 1. Starches 2. Light & chlorophyll also needed

  17. Process • 1. CO2 comes from the air and enters through the plant’s • stomata • 2. Water enters through the roots and up the xylem • 3. Minerals also come up the roots to help make food

  18. Chloroplasts capture the sunlight using its chlorophyll • The energy from the sunlight is then used to split the water into H and O • O leaves plant through the stomata and into the air • H combines with the CO2 to make sugar • Plants store sugar for chemical energy • i. Travels through phloem to vacuole for storage • ii. Plants and animals eat these plants that have • this stored chemical energy

  19. Photosynthesis is ________. • plants use the sun to convert H2O & CO2 into carbohydrate 2. plants use Sun E to convert CO2 into carbohydrate & water

  20. Which is the correct photosynthesis equation? • Sun + 6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2 • C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + sun • 6 CO2 + 6 H2O  C6H12O6 + 6 O2

  21. The purpose of the chloroplasts is to ___________. • make the plant’s color • change the chemicals for plant’s food • capture the sun’s light

  22. Which part of the leaf is where photosynthesis takes place? • Vein • Mesophyll • Epidermis • Stoma

  23. Light & Photosynthesis • We see white • Really mix of different colors • Spectrum of different wavelengths • ROYGBV • Chlorophyll – in chloroplasts • Pigment • Chlorophyll α & chlorophyll β Chlorophyll b Chlorophyll a

  24. Light & Photosynthesis • Chlorophyll absorbs all light, EXCEPT green • Why leaves appear green • Gets reflected • Light energy gets absorbed & transferred to electrons (e-)

  25. Photosynthesis Reactions • 2 types: 1. Light reaction - dependent 2. Dark reaction - Light independent - Calvin Cycle

  26. F. Light reactions • 1. Formula • a. H2O + Light  O2 + ATP + NADPH • reactants Products • 2. Occurs on Thylakoid Membrane in 2 places • a. Photosystem II • i. Water splits to provide electrons • ii. Protons stay inside thylakoid space • iii. O2 released as byproduct • iv. Protons diffuse back creating ATP • b. Photosystem I • i. electrons from photosystem II gets • energized by pigments in photosystem I • ii. E gets excited and jumps thru etc • iii. NADP+ accepts e to become NADPH

  27. Light-Dependent Reactions

  28. Dark reactions • 1. Also known as Calvin Cycle • 2. Formula • ATP + NADPH + CO2  Glucose • 3. Occurs in Stroma • 4. 6 CO2 enters cycle and receives energy from ATP • and NADPH (from light rxns) • 5. C from CO2 rearranged into glucose • photosynthesis • photosystem II • electron transport chain

  29. Factors affecting Photosynthesis • Water ~ lack of • Thick leaves • Waxy coating • Temperature • 0° - 35° C • Enzyme damage above or below • Slowing or stoppage of photosynthesis

  30. Factors affecting Photosynthesis • Light intensity • ↑ intensity ~ ↑ photosynthesis • Max rate is reached • No more photosynthesis • Varies w/ plant type • i.e. Conifers – warm sunny days

  31. How many types of reactions are there? • 1 • 2 • 3 • 4

  32. The Calvin Cycle is also known as the _________ reaction. • Light • Dark

  33. Which reaction occurs in the thylakoid? • Light • Dark

  34. The photosystems are part of the ______ reaction. • Light • Dark

  35. Which reaction occurs in the stroma? • Light • Dark

  36. Which is not a factor that would affect photosynthesis? • Night time • Winter • Drought • Flooding • Winds

  37. Light- dependent reactions Calvin cycle Energy from sunlight Thylakoid membranes ATP Stroma NADPH High-energy sugars ATP NADPH O2 Chloroplasts Concept Map Section 8-3 Photosynthesis includes takes place in uses use take place in to produce to produce of

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