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The Mamluk Sultanate and the Mongols

The Mamluk Sultanate and the Mongols. HIST 1007 10/30/13. Crusades and Modern Middle East. European interest in the crusades Sir Walter Scott, The Talisman , 1825 Meets 19 th century colonialism 1898: German Emperor Wilhelm II repairs tomb of Salah al-Din Salah al-Din and

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The Mamluk Sultanate and the Mongols

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  1. The Mamluk Sultanate and the Mongols HIST 1007 10/30/13

  2. Crusades and Modern Middle East • European interest in the crusades • Sir Walter Scott, The Talisman, 1825 • Meets 19th century colonialism • 1898: German Emperor Wilhelm II repairs tomb of Salah al-Din • Salah al-Din and anti-colonialism • Salah al-Din and Arab Nationalism Egyptian coat of arms and tomb of Salah al-Din

  3. Crusades aren’t a big deal compared to… • The Mamluk Sultanate • r. 1250-1517 • Ayyubidghulams turned sultans • The Mongols • Steppe nomads organized under Chingis (Genghis) Khan • Ilkhanate (r. 1256-1335) • Timurids (r. 1370-1507) Mamluk Sultan Baybars and IlkhanHulagu Khan

  4. AyyubidMamluks • Ayyubids and Seljuqs continue to rely on ghulam and mamluk soldiers • Primarily Turkish and Circassian • Mamluks and royal guards • BahriMamluks: Royal guard of Ayyubid Sultan al-Salih Rhoda Island, base of BahriMamluks

  5. Mamluks and the Seventh Crusade • Seventh Crusades (1248-1254) • 1249: Louis IX of France comes to Egypt • Ayyubid Sultan al-Salih dies • Feb. 8-11, 1250: Battle of al-Mansurah • Louis IX captured by BahriMamluk troops

  6. The Rise of the Mamluks • al-Mu`azzamTuran Shah (r. 1249-1250): Ayyubid Sultan, son of al-Salih • Attempt to replace BahriMamluks with al-Mu`azzam’s personal guard • May 2, 1250: al-Mu`azzam assassinated by BahriMamluks • Shajar al-Durr (r. 1250-1257): Sultana, widow of al-Salih • `Izz al-Din Aybak(r. 1250-1257): BahriMamlukAtabeg, founder of the Mamluk Sultanate

  7. The Rise of the Mamluks • 1250’s – decade of political instability in Egypt and Syria • Mamluk factions and remains of Ayyubid dynasty • Out of chaos comes stability

  8. Mamluk System • Continued reliance on slave soldiers • Circassians and Turks • Only former slaves may become sultan • Mamluks may have families, but positions are not inherited • Political networks built in military barracks

  9. Ibn al-Athir (1160-1233) • Kurdish historian • Worked under Salah al-Din • “The Complete History” • Tatars – Turkic people, fought in the Mongol army

  10. Scenes from the movie “Mongol”

  11. Chinggis Khan (r. 1206-1227) • Temujin – born 1162 • Father dies, exiled from clan • Alliances • Diplomatic marriages • Master of steppe diplomacy

  12. Universal Khan • 1206 – Chinggis Khan • Karakorum – capital • Yurt • Equality among Mongol aristocracy • Merit based appointments • Mongol Script • Yassa Code

  13. Mongol Expansion

  14. Mongol Success • Alliances and diplomacy • Coalition army • Steppe and Silk Road • “Calculated Frightfulness” • Destruction of agricultural base

  15. Mongol Empire and PaxMongolica • No unified culture or social structure • Mongols more likely to convert • Many Mongol Empires • Patronage of artists and craftsmen • Steppe Diplomacy in the City

  16. Karakorum • “Black Tent” • Cosmopolitan yurt city? • Captured artisans • Guillaume Boucher

  17. Yurt in the City

  18. Karakorum Buddhist Temple

  19. Karakorum Mosque and Caravanserai

  20. Mongol Succession

  21. Il-khans (1256-1335) • Hülegü (r. 1256-1265) • Fall of Baghdad – 1258 • End of Caliphate

  22. Mongols, Mamluks, and Crusaders • All meet in Syria in mid-13th century • Damascus and Aleppo both fall to Mongols • Prester John: Will the Mongols save the crusaders? • Sultan Qutuz (r. 1259-1260): Executes Mongol envoys and marches on Palestine • Battle of `AynJalut: Sept. 3, 1260

  23. Bayburs (r. 1260-1277) • Mamluk general at `AynJalut • Assassinates Qutuz to become sultan • Campaigns against Crusader States • 1268: Bayburs razes Antioch • Ninth Crusade (1271-1272): Crusaders ally with Mongols

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