1 / 19

Key Concepts in Psychology: Important Figures, Theories, and Research Methods

Explore essential topics in psychology, including significant contributors like John Locke, Sigmund Freud, and Wilhelm Wundt, as well as foundational concepts such as dualism, empiricism, and behaviorism. Understand various psychological approaches, including cognitive, humanistic, and social psychology. Learn about key research methods: hypothesis formulation, random assignment, and statistical significance. Dive into neuroscience with neuron functions and the nervous system's structure. Gain insights into sensation, perception, sleep, and learning theories such as conditioning. A comprehensive overview for psychology students and enthusiasts.

zofia
Télécharger la présentation

Key Concepts in Psychology: Important Figures, Theories, and Research Methods

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Unit 1 Review Topics • Important People to Know • John Locke • Rene Descartes • Hippocrates • Sir Frances Bacon • Wilhelm Wundt • William James • Sigmund Freud • Terms/Ideas • psychology • phrenology • empiricism • dualism • tabula rasa • structuralism • introspection • functionalism • Gestalt psychology • perceptual units • psychodynamic/psychoanalytic theory • unconscious • behaviorism • humanistic psychology • cognitive psychology • social psychology • nature vs. nurture • psychology vs. psychiatry

  2. Unit 2 Review Topics • Terms/Ideas, cont. • random assignment • reliability • validity (internal & external) • demand characteristics • placebo effect • double-blind design • Descriptive statistics • measures of central tendency • measures of variability • Inferential statistics • statistical significance • meta-analysis • informed consent • debriefing • Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) • Terms/Ideas • hypothesis • theory • operational definition • population • sample (random sampling) • Descriptive research • case study • surveys • naturalistic observation • Correlational research • correlation coefficient (r) • direction and size of correlations • drawbacks? • Experimental research • independent & dependent variables • experimental & control conditions • confounds

  3. Unit 3 Review Topics • Terms/Ideas, cont. • agonists & antagonists • Nervous system • central and peripheral • Peripheral Skeletal and Autonomic • Autonomic  Sympathetic and Parasympathetic • Endocrine system • hormones • pituitary gland • Mapping Brain Functions • EEG • CT scan • PET scan • MRI & fMRI • Terms/Ideas • glial cells • Neuron • cell body/soma • nucleus • dendrites • axon • myelin sheath • Nodes of Ranvier, Schwann cells • terminal buttons/terminal branches • resting potential • action potential • threshold (“all or none law”) • synapse/synaptic cleft • Neurotransmitters • vescicles • receptors • reuptake (SSRIs)

  4. Unit 3 Review Topics • Terms/Ideas, cont. • Forebrain, cont. • cerebral cortex • frontal lobe • parietal lobe • temporal lobe • occipital lobe • corpus callosum • anterior cingulate • plasticity • Important People to Know • Phineas Gage • H.M. • Terms/Ideas • Hindbrain • medulla • pons • reticular formation • cerebellum • Midbrain • thalamus • Forebrain • limbic system • hippocampus • hypothalamus • amygdala

  5. Unit 4 Review Topics • Terms/Ideas, cont. • Visual Sensation & Perception, cont. • cues to depth perception (monocular vs. binocular) • motion perception • stroboscopic effect • phi phenomenon • change blindness • Stroop task • Auditory Sensation & Perception • amplitude & frequency of sound waves • parts of the ear • pitch theories (place theory, frequency theory) • cocktail party effect • gate-control theory of pain • synesthesia • Terms/Ideas • sensation vs. perception • bottom-up & top-down processing • absolute threshold • just-noticeable difference (JND) • Weber’s Law • priming • signal detection theory • sensory adaptation • transduction • Visual Sensation & Perception • amplitude & frequency of light waves • parts of the eye • theories of color vision • trichromatic theory • opponent-process theory (afterimages) • feature detector neurons

  6. Unit 5 Review Topics • Terms/Ideas, cont. • Sleep, cont. • sleep disorders • insomnia • narcolepsy (hypocretin) • sleep apnea • night terrors • Hypnosis • absorption • applications of hypnosis • Psychoactive drugs • addiction, tolerance, & withdrawal • 3 classes: • depressants • stimulants • hallucinogens • Near-death experiences • Terms/Ideas • consciousness (normal/waking vs. altered states) • Sleep • circadian rhythm (roles of hypothalamus, pineal gland, melatonin) • stages of sleep • brain wave activity • Why do we sleep? • Why do we dream? • Freud (manifest vs. latent content) • activation-synthesis theory • memory consolidation

  7. Unit 6 Review Topics • Terms/Ideas, cont. • Operant conditioning • Law of Effect • shaping • positive & negative reinforcement • 4 schedules of partial reinforcement: • fixed ratio • variable ratio • fixed interval • variable interval • positive & negative punishment • Other types of learning besides conditioning • latent learning • insight learning • social/observational learning (modeling) • mirror neurons • Terms/Ideas • Classical conditioning • 4 aspects: • unconditioned stimulus (US) • conditioned stimulus (CS) • unconditioned response (UR) • conditioned response (CR) • acquisition • extinction • reacquisition • spontaneous recovery • stimulus discrimination • stimulus generalization • biological preparedness • taste aversion (Garcia & Koelling study) • systematic desensitization

  8. Unit 6 Review Topics • Important People to Know • Ivan Pavlov • John Watson • Edward Thorndike • BF Skinner • Wolfgang Kohler • Albert Bandura

  9. Unit 7 Review Topics • Terms/Ideas, cont. • Memory, cont. • retrograde & anterograde amnesia • long-term potentiation • flashbulb memories • memory interference (proactive & retroactive) • repression • mnemonic devices • Terms/Ideas • Memory • 3 steps to forming a memory (encoding, storage, retrieval) • Atkinson & Shiffring (1968): 3 Stage Model of Memory • sensory memory  short-term (working) memory  long-term memory • rehearsal • chunking • levels/depth of processing • primacy & recency effects • types of memories • explicit vs. implicit • episodic, semantic, procedural

  10. Unit 7 Review Topics • Important People to Know • Hermann Ebbinghaus • Elizabeth Loftus • Benjamin Whorf • Noam Chomsky • Terms/Ideas • Thinking • linguistic relativity (Whorf) • algorithms vs. heuristics • heuristics: availability, representativeness, anchor & adjust • confirmation bias • Language • phonemes, morphemes • grammar (syntax, semantics) • Broca’s aphasia, Wernicke’s aphasia

  11. Unit 8 Review Topics • Terms/Ideas, cont. • Emotion • catharsis • 3 important theories of emotion • 1. James-Lange • 2. Cannon-Bard • 3. two-factor theory (Schacter & Singer) • polygraph tests • Important People to Know • Abraham Maslow • Paul Ekman • Schacter & Singer • Terms/Ideas • Motivation • drive-reduction theory • law of optimal arousal (aka. Yerkes-Dodson Law) • hunger (lateral & ventromedial hypothalamus) • anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa • evolutionary perspective on mating habits • flow

  12. Unit 9 Review Topics • Terms/Ideas, cont. • Psychosocial Development • attachment styles • critical period/imprinting • Baumrind’s parenting styles • Erikson’s stage model • Moral Development • Kohlberg’s stage model • dementia/Alzheimer’s Disease • Important People to Know • Jean Piaget • Harry Harlow • Mary Ainsworth • Konrad Lorenz • Lawrence Kohlberg • Erik Erikson • Terms/Ideas • Physical/Prenatal Development • zygote  embryo  fetus • teratogens • Cognitive Development • schemas (assimilation & accomodation) • Piaget’s stage model • object permanence • conservation • egocentrism/theory of mind • autism

  13. Unit 10 Review Topics • Terms/Ideas, cont. • Trait approach • factor analysis • five-factor theory of personality (“the Big Five”) • learned helplessness • Important People to Know • Sigmund Freud • Anna O. • Carl Jung • Gordon Allport • Terms/Ideas • Psychoanalytic theory (aka. psychodynamic) • the unconscious • accessing the unconscious: • dreams (manifest vs. latent content) • free association • hypnosis • projective tests • id, superego, & ego • Freud’s stage model of psychosexual development • Oedipus complex • defense mechanisms: • repression, projection, regression, reaction formation, sublimation

  14. Unit 11 Review Topics • Terms/Ideas, cont. • stereotype threat • Important People to Know • Charles Spearman • Howard Gardner • Alfred Binet & Theodore Simon • Lewis Terman • Terms/Ideas • Intelligence • general intelligence (g) • emotional intelligence • convergent vs. divergent thinking (creativity?) • crystallized vs. fluid intelligence • Intelligence testing • Intelligence quotient (IQ) • famous IQ tests: • Binet-Simon • Stanford-Binet • WAIS/WISC • standardization • reliability (test-retest, split-half) • validity (criterion)

  15. Unit 12 Review Topics • Terms/Ideas, cont. • Mood disorders • Major depressive disorder (MDD) • Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) • Bipolar disorder (BD) • Schizophrenia • delusions, hallucinations, language disruptions • Personality disorders • especially borderline (BPD) and antisocial (APD) • Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) • Somatoform disorders • Important People to Know • David Rosenhan • Terms/Ideas • Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV) • 5 axes • Anxiety Disorders • Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) • Panic disorder (PD) • Agoraphobia • Phobias • Social anxiety disorder (SAD) (aka. social phobia) • Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) • Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

  16. Unit 13 Review Topics • Terms/Ideas, cont. • Types of Medication • antipsychotics, antidepressants, antianxiety, mood-stabilizers • “Alternative” Therapies • electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), rTMS, EMDR, lobotomy • Important People to Know • Sigmund Freud • Carl Rogers • Albert Ellis • Terms/Ideas • Psychoanalytic Therapy • resistance • transference • Humanistic Therapy • client-centered therapy • active listening • Behavioral therapy • counterconditioning • token economies • systematic desensitization • Cognitive therapy/cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) • rational-emotive therapy

  17. Unit 14 Review Topics • Terms/Ideas, cont. • Stereotypes, prejudice, & discrimination • Explicit vs. implicit attitudes (IAT) • outgroup homogeneity, ingroup favoritism • Persuasion • Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) • persuasion techniques: • foot-in-the-door • door-in-the-face • Attraction & relationships • mere exposure effect • halo effect • Sternberg’s triangle theory • Group processes • social facilitation, social loafing, group polarization, groupthink • Terms/Ideas • Hindsight bias • Fundamental attribution error • Social roles (Stanford Prison Study) • Cognitive dissonance • Conformity • Informational & normative social influence • Obedience to authority • Helping behavior • Bystander effect, diffusion of responsibility • Terror Management Theory

  18. Unit 14 Review Topics • Important People to Know • Phil Zimbardo • Leon Festinger • Solomon Asch • Stanley Milgram • Robert Sternberg

More Related