Chapter 3 and 4: The Rise and Spread of Islam

1. Chapter 3 and 4: The Rise and Spread of Islam

2. Ch. 3 The Rise of Islam The geography and location of the Arabian Peninsula have greatly influenced the lifestyles of those who live there.

3. The Arabian Peninsula lies near the intersection of three continents, (Africa, Asia, Europe) so it is called a “crossroads” location. Europe Asia Africa

4. This area is mostly a desert land Located in a region with hot, dry air The climate makes it hard for plants and animals to survive Huge sand dunes cover large parts of Arabia Water only exists mainly in oases scattered across the deserts

5. Two ways of life developed in the desert Nomadic life – people moved from place to place within tribes for protection as the seasons changed Lived in tents, and raised herds of sheep, goats, and camels

6. Sedentary life – people settled in oases, where they could farm, these often became towns • Towns became centers of trade • Many towns had a souk, or a market, where goods were traded

7. Learning Goal! • Why is Arabia (the Middle East, Southwest Asia) considered a crossroads location? • Answer: The Arabian Peninsula lies near the intersection of three continents, (Africa, Asia, Europe) • What two ways of life developed in this region? • Answer: • 1. Nomadic life – people moved from place • 2. Sedentary life – people settled in oases, where they could farm, often became towns

8. 632 - Muhammad dies and Islam begins to spread across SW Asia, and N. Africa 613 - Muhammad begins to spread his message AD 570 - Muhammad is born Origins of Islam 550 600 650 Life of Muhammad Timeline 610 - An angel appears and tells Muhammad to spread the word of God. 622 - Muhammad and his followers leave Mecca for Medina in the hegira

9. Teachings of Islam • Muhammad taught that there was only one God– Allah – (means “the God” in Arabic) • Early Arabs were used to worshiping many gods • 1st reason for rejection: Arabs were polytheistic

10. Believed that the rich and poor should be equal • 2nd reason for rejection: rich didn’t want equality

11. Similarities with Christianity and Judaism • All monotheistic • Began in Southwest Asia (Middle East) • Recognize the Prophets Abraham, Moses, and Jesus

12. Islam spreads from Mecca to Medina after early rejection • Rulers of Mecca began to threaten Muhammad and his followers with violence as Islam started to influence more people

13. Muhammad left Mecca and moved to Medina  his departure is called the “hegira,” or journey • Islam thrives in Medina, and other Arab tribes accept Islam

14. Islam spreads from Medina to the rest of Arabia

15. Muhammad’s house became the first mosque – building for Muslim prayer • New rules for society, government, and worship • Mecca finally welcomed Muhammad back and accepted Islam

16. Section 3Islamic Beliefs & Practices Islamic Beliefs: ONE god – Allah Belief in the Qur’an (their holy book)

17. Qur’an deals with: Daily life/rules Rights of individuals Jihad: “to make an effort or to struggle”

18. Sources of Islamic Beliefs Qur’an: holy book containing messages Muhammad received from God Sunnah: Muhammad’s example for the way of life that Muslims should live. Shariah: Islamic law created from the Qur’an and the Sunnah.

19. Five Pillars of Islam #1: Saying “there is no god but God (Allah) and Muhammad is his prophet.” #2: Praying 5 times a day. #3: Giving to the poor/needy

20. #4: Fasting during Ramadan (1 month) #5: Pilgrimage to Mecca – hajj

21. Chapter 4 : The Spread of Islam

22. Section 1 : Early Expansion • 632 – Muhammad dies • Abu Bakr chosen as first caliph: highest leader of Islam. Abu Bakr’s name in Arabic

23. Muslim Empire Grows • Abu Bakr leads a series of battles which make Arabia a UNIFIED Muslim state by 634.

24. Muslim leaders defeat Persian and Byzantine Empires • Muslims often form treaties with non-Muslims they conquered

25. Umayyad family moves capital from Medina to Damascus. • Conquer lands in Central Asia, northern India, eastern Mediterranean & North Africa.

26. Muslim armies fight with Berbers in North Africa, eventually conquering and converting them to Islam. Modern-day Berbers

27. Moors (Spanish Muslims) conquer Spain in 711 A.D. Spanish Moor attire w/weapons

28. Trade Helps Islam Spread • Merchants spread Islam into Africa and Asia (China, India, Indonesia)

29. Great Muslim Cities • Baghdad: capital of Islamic Empire in 762 A.D. • Trade, farming = strong economy • Center for culture and learning

30. Cordoba: 756 A.D. became capital of Spain • Trade, farming = strong economy • Advanced city = mansions, mosques, public water & lighting systems

31. Section 2 : Muslim Empires

32. Learning Goal What were the 3 major Muslim Empires and where were they located? What are the 2 main groups of Muslims and what makes them different?

33. The Ottoman Empire Ruled eastern Europe to N. Africa & Arabia Muslim Turkish warriors The Blue Mosque

34. The Ottoman Army Janissaries: slave soldiers (Christian boys) Used gunpowder weapons (cannons) Muslim engravings on canon

35. 1453: Mehmed II conquers Constantinople Mehmed II changes Constantinople’s name to Istanbul & Hagia Sophia into a mosque Mehmed II’s sword

36. Ottoman reached its height under Suleyman I (“the Magnificent”) Europe Asia Africa Arabia

37. Classes in Ottoman Society Ruling Class – judges & advisers Lower Class – Christians, Jews, women Judges & Advisers Christians Jews

38. The Safavid Empire Timeline of Safavid Empire: 1501-mid 1700’s (located in Persia) Persian Muslims became known as Safavids

39. Shia Muslims: believed ONLY members of Muhammad’s family could become caliphs Sunni Muslims: believed caliph could be ANY good Muslim & strong leader

40. Safavid Culture & Economy Blended Muslim & Persian cultures Made textile goods: hand-woven carpets, silk & velvet Made ceramic & metal goods (STEEL)

41. Mughal Empire Timeline 1526-mid 1700’s (located in India) Known for poetry & architecture Flag of Mughal Empire

42. Emperor Akbar promoted religious tolerance Got rid of tax on non-Muslims Allowed Persian & Hindu influences (clothes, language, writing) Agra Fort

43. Taj Mahal Built as a tomb between 1631-1647 by Shah Jahan for his wife

44. Learning Goal What were the 3 major Muslim Empires and where were they located? Ottoman  eastern Europe to N. Africa & Arabia Safavid  modern day Iran Mughal Northern India What are the 2 main groups of Muslims and what makes them different? Shia (Shiites) Muslims – believed ONLY members of Muhammad’s family could become caliphs Sunni Muslims: believed caliph could be ANY good Muslim & strong leader

45. Section 3 : Cultural Achievements Science and Philosophy: 1. Astronomy -built observatories, improved astrolabe (helped them know which direction Mecca was when they prayed)

46. 2. Geography - made more accurate maps 3. Math - algebra created by al-Khwarizmi - numbers 0-9 called “Arabic” numerals

47. 4. Medicine - created medical encyclopedias for diseases, drugs & doctor tests 5. Philosophy - Sufism: people can find God’s love by having a personal relationship w/ God.

48. Muslim Architecture Mosques, minarets, palaces, marketplaces & libraries. Minaretes Muslim meat-market today