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Psychological Disorders

Learn about categories, causes, and prevalence of psychological disorders. Explore mood, anxiety, schizophrenia, and dissociative disorders, with insights on symptoms and treatment perspectives. Gain valuable insights on understanding and addressing abnormal behavior.

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Psychological Disorders

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  1. Psychological Disorders Introductory Psychology Chapter 14 Dr. Greg Cook

  2. What is Abnormal? • Is the behavior considered strange in the person’s own culture? • Does the behavior cause personal distress? • How maladaptive is the person’s behavior? • Is the person a danger to self or others? • Is the person legally responsible for his/her acts? From p. 490

  3. DSM-IV-TR • Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder, 4th edition, Text Revision (2000). • American Psychiatric Association • ~ 300 psychological disorders • Organized into categories • With specific diagnostic criteria (“symptoms”)

  4. Major DSM-IV-TR Categories • Schizophrenia & psychotic disorders • Mood disorders • Anxiety disorders • Somatoform disorders • Dissociative disorders • Personality disorders • Substance-related disorders • Disorders diagnosed in infancy, child., adol. • Eating disorders See Table 14.1, p. 491

  5. General Categories of Causes • Biological perspective • Biopsychosocial perspective • Psychodynamic perspective • Learning perspective • Cognitive perspective The presumed cause implies a treatment. Can be multiple causes and treatments. See Review & Reflect, p. 493.

  6. Prevalence, in the U.S. • Each year, 26% of adults are diagnosed with a mental disorder (p. 493). • Lifetime prevalence: it is estimated that 46% of people will suffer from a mental disorder at some point in life. • For comparison, the lifetime prevalence for cancer is 30%. See Figure 14.1, p. 494 for prevalence rates.

  7. Anxiety Disorders • The most common type of disorder • Lifetime prevalence = 29% Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) • Chronic, excessive worry for 6+ months Panic Disorder • Recurring, unpredictable • Episodes of overwhelming anxiety, fear, terror • Most people experience a few “panic attacks”, not a disorder Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder • Obsession: recurrent, involuntary thought, image, impulse; distressing • Compulsion: urge to repeat an act or ritual • Related to genetics, early brain infections, other causes

  8. Anxiety Disorders: Phobias Phobia: irrational fear, out of proportion to the real threat. Social Phobia • Irrational fear of social situations or public performances Specific Phobia • Irrational fear of a specific object, situation, event • Claustrophobia (closed spaces) • Acrophobia (heights)

  9. Mood Disorders Major Depressive Disorder • Overwhelming sadness, despair, hopelessness, worthlessness • Changes in appetite, weight, sleep patterns • Loss of energy • Loss of mental focus • Psychomotor difficulties (e.g., slow speech) • Not “grief” or normal reactions to bad events • Twice as likely in women, compared to men Bipolar Disorder • Manic episodes • Depressive episodes

  10. Causes of Mood Disorders • Heredity • Concordance rates, identical twins = 50% • Concordance rates, fraternal twins = 7% • Brain abnormalities? • Neurotransmitter abnormalities • Dopamine, GABA, norepinephrine systems • Life Stressors

  11. Schizophrenia • Onset usually in late teens, twenties • Very severe disorder • Loss of contact with reality • “Positive Symptoms” (behaviors present) • Hallucinations (usually voices) • Delusions (of grandeur, of persecution) • Bizarre behavior • “Negative Symptoms” (behaviors lacking) • Social withdrawal • Apathy • Poor hygiene • Flat affect

  12. Types of Schizophrenia • Paranoid Schizophrenia • Disorganized Schizophrenia • Catatonic Schizophrenia • Undifferentiated Schizophrenia

  13. Somatoform Disorders • Physical symptoms due to psychological causes rather than to any known physical/medical reason. Examples: Hypochondriasis Conversion Disorder ex: Freud’s patient with hysterical paralysis

  14. Dissociative Disorders Dissociative Amnesia • cannot recall personal information or experiences Dissociative Fugue • Loss of memory of entire identity, may take on new identity Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) • Multiple personalities • Not schizophrenia! • Controversial diagnosis

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