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Subsistence

Subsistence. Foraging and Horticulture. Learning Objectives: Subsistence Unit. 1. Identify the subsistence patterns found in human societies 2. Identify the cultural characteristics of a society that might be inferred from knowing the society’s subsistence patterns

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Subsistence

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  1. Subsistence Foraging and Horticulture

  2. Learning Objectives: Subsistence Unit • 1. Identify the subsistence patterns found in human societies • 2. Identify the cultural characteristics of a society that might be inferred from knowing the society’s subsistence patterns • 3. Identify the changes brought about by the transition to food production.

  3. Adaptive Strategies • Means of making a living • 1) Foraging • 2) Horticulture • 3) Agriculture • 4) Pastoralism • 5) Industrialism • Will discuss at the end of the quarter

  4. Foraging • Until _________________this was the strategy of all humans • Band – social system, fewer than __________ • Rely on available natural resources • Variation among world’s foragers

  5. Foraging • Rely on naturally occurring plants and animals • Diets consisting of _____________________ • Problem: Subject to Seasonality • ____________________________________ • Is this possible today? • Often ____________ with neighboring food producers

  6. Foraging: Hunting Typically a male domain though females help process foods _________________

  7. Foraging: Gathering Typically a female domain Requires less travel Allows for infant care Provides most of the __________________

  8. Foraging: Today • All foraging groups utilize some form of food production OR food producers • Why is this the case? • Influenced by • 1. • 2.

  9. Foraging: Inuit • 1. • 2.

  10. Foraging: Ache • Paraguay • Earliest report of this group – 1600s • Before 1960s, small nomadic bands • Today: ____________________ • 1. • 2.

  11. Foraging: San (Bushmen) • 1997-2002: 3,000 of the 10,000 known San people were relocated • ______________________________ • 2006 court ruling -- ___________________ • Global political action for indigenous peoples • _________________________ • ____________________________

  12. Foraging: San (Bushmen)

  13. Horticulture • The ____________________________________ • Hoes and digging sticks • Fields are not continually planted • Does not produce________________ • Supplement diet by ______________________

  14. Horticultural Techniques ________________ Shifting Cultivation Problems? _____________: Use of a high variety of plant species

  15. Horticultural Groups • Low _________________________ • Lack of surplus maintains population size • Some _______________________ • Continuously exploit new soil when old plots have lost their usefulness • Some ___________________________ • Move horticultural plots rather than settlement

  16. Horticulturalists of Today • 1. • 2. • 3. • 4. • 5. • 6.

  17. Horticulturalists of Today

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