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The Design and Problem Solving Process

The Design and Problem Solving Process. Chapter 2, Design and Problem Solving in Technology. Design. Design is the planned process of change. Technology is all about design. The Design Process. Creating solutions to problems involves the process of designing.

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The Design and Problem Solving Process

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  1. The Design and Problem Solving Process Chapter 2, Design and Problem Solving in Technology

  2. Design • Design is the planned process of change. • Technology is all about design.

  3. The Design Process • Creating solutions to problems involves the process of designing. • The design loop was developed as a guide to help make problem solving in technology more effective. It provides a structure for thinking and doing, which is the essence of technological activity.

  4. The Design Loop • Identifying problems and opportunities: Analyzing real-world situations. • Framing a design brief: Problem clarification and specification. • Investigation and research: Information gathering. • Generating alternative solutions. • Choosing a solution. • Developmental work. • Modeling and prototyping. • Testing and evaluating. • Redesigning and improving.

  5. More on Problem-Solving Not in the Text

  6. Design, Invention, and Problem Solvingin Technology Education • Designing products and systems to meet a human need or want • A basic building block of technology education • Technological design skills are literacy skills • Creativity is a vital component

  7. Creativity is a Foundationof Technological Problem Solving • Viewing problems from different angles • Hearing different opinions • Adapting ideas, concepts, theories • Analyzing, reasoning, brainstorming • Working cooperatively • Discovering new techniques • Becoming tolerant of new ideas • Taking risks and building confidence

  8. Characteristics of “Inquiry” or Problem-based Education • Starts with questions of a problem (sometimes called a “design-brief’’) • Engages learners quickly • Concentrates on using information/evidence • Requires clear written and oral communication • Requires team work (cooperation) • Welcomes curiosity/rewards creativity • Does not emphasize memorization

  9. What is the Role of the Instructorin Problem-based Instruction? • Providing the foundation for learning • Determining the content • Developing technological problems for solving • Asking probing questions • Serving as a resource person • Facilitating cooperation among teams • Providing feedback

  10. A Format for StructuringProblem-based Lessons • Engagement: How will you start the class or activity? • Exploration: What problems will the students be required to solve? • Explanation: How will you help students draw conclusions/form new ideas from the activity? • Evaluation: How will you assess student learning? • Extension: How will you connect this lesson to others?

  11. Types of Problems Usedin Problem-based Classes • Engineering Design • Troubleshooting • Research and Development • Invention and Innovation • Experimentation

  12. Engineering Design • The engineering design process demands critical thinking, the application of technical knowledge, creativity, and an appreciation of the effects of a design on society and the environment.

  13. Engineering Design Problem Solving • Solution is given in advance • Parameters are given • Problem is given • Route to solution is not given • Multiple solutions • Allows for creativity

  14. Troubleshooting • Troubleshooting is a specific form of problem solving aimed at identifying the cause of a malfunctioning system.

  15. Troubleshooting Problem Solving • Requires a great deal of knowledge in subject area • Involves isolating, diagnosing, repairing faults in systems • Very high level learning activity • Very high level of knowledge and skill required

  16. Research and Development • R&D is a goal-oriented process in which designs, inventions, and innovations are researched and refined to address a range of objectives and concerns. These concerns can be functional, economic, and ethical. R&D pursues answers to unknown questions that need to be solved before a design can work.

  17. Research and Development Problem-Solving • Addresses a wide range of issues • The product must be reliable, safe, and have market appeal • Questions about its value to society or potential harm to the environment must be researched and addressed.

  18. Invention and Innovation • Invention and innovation are among the most open-ended and creative problem solving approaches. • Invention is the process of coming up with new ideas, while design is concerned with applying these ideas. • An innovation is an improvement of an existing product, system, or method of doing something. • Ability to think outside the box and imagine new possibilities, is central to the processes of invention and innovation.

  19. Invention and Innovation Problem Solving • Problem is given or arrived upon in advance • Solution is not known in advance • Multiple potential solutions • Parameters may limit solutions • Materials,supplies, and skills may limit solutions • Creativity is the core

  20. Experimentation • Experimentation is the form of technological problem solving that resembles most closely the methods that scientists use. Scientists use experiments to gain a better understanding of the natural world. Technologists use experiments to understand and change the human-made world.

  21. General Problem Solving Model • Identify the problem • Select a solution • Apply the solution • Test and revise the solution

  22. Engineering Design Problem Solving Model (Daugherty) • Analyze/Clarify the Problem • Formulate: Create Alternative Solutions • Question the Solution • Envision the Solution • Create • Evaluate the Solution

  23. Invention/Innovation-based Problem Solving Model (Daugherty) • Analyze/Clarify Problem • Conduct Research • Brainstorm • Analyze the Potentiality of Proposed Solutions • Sketch and Draw • Create • Evaluate the Solution

  24. Troubleshooting Problem Solving Model (Daugherty) • Problem Isolation • Systems Identification • Desired Outcome • Fault Identification and Implementation • Assessing the Results of the Implementation

  25. Experimentation Problem Solving Model • The problem is identified • A hypothesis about the source of the problem is generated • Tests are conducted • Data is gathered

  26. Formalized Problem Solving Model Clarify Problem Identify Values and Principles Involved Identify Resources No Yes Is Solution Possible? Identify and Select Alternative Solutions Refine One Solution Develop and Test Solutions Establish Parameters Evaluate Results Monitor Solutions for Additional Problems

  27. Problem Solving Resources • People • Information • Materials • Tooling/Machines • Capital • Energy • Time

  28. Guidelines for DevelopingProblem-based Learning Activities • Focus on cooperative learning • Minimize instructions • Provide a foundation • Provide a variety of materials • Allow adequate time • Encourage sharing ideas

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