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Industrial Microbiology

Industrial Microbiology. Alvin Chan Frederick Ding Kirill Peretoltchine. Genetic Engineering. Outline. Background information Microbiology Recombinant DNA in genetic engineering Applications in medicine Protein production Applications in other fields Oil slick cleanup Ice-minus bacteria.

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Industrial Microbiology

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  1. Industrial Microbiology Alvin ChanFrederick DingKirill Peretoltchine Genetic Engineering

  2. Outline • Background information • Microbiology • Recombinant DNA in genetic engineering • Applications in medicine • Protein production • Applications in other fields • Oil slick cleanup • Ice-minus bacteria

  3. Microbiology • Study of microorganisms — too small to see with the naked eye • Bacteria • Fungi • Protozoa • Viruses

  4. Industrial microbiology • Harnessing microorganisms to manufacture products • Large amounts of production • Involves modification of DNA • Genetic recombination • Host with recombinant DNA must produce offspring that contain the modified DNA • Must ensure replication of foreign DNA

  5. A little molecular biology The nitty-gritty details of how it works

  6. Plasmids as Vectors • Independent replication • Small size • Few recognition sites • Antibiotic resistance = genetic marker iGEM competition (2008.igem.org), 2008.

  7. Recombinant DNA • Human and bacterial DNA is “cut” into fragments by restriction enzymes • Two types of fragments mixed together • Recombinant DNA is artificially produced Solomon et al. Biology (4th ed.), 1993.

  8. Human DNA inserted into plasmids • Plasmids inserted into host bacteria — transformation • Bacteria are grown, desired colony is selected by genetic probe Solomon et al. Biology (4th ed.), 1993.

  9. mRNA & cDNA • Ordinary DNA contains: • introns (“junk”) • exons→ mRNA for protein synthesis • Transcription to mRNA removes introns • Prokaryotes cannot remove introns from RNA • Reverse transcription to cDNA produces functional genetic material • cDNA inserted into plasmid or virus

  10. Introns removed Alberts et al. Molecular Biology of the Cell (3rd ed.), 1994.

  11. Foreign genetic material for protein synthesis Prokaryotic hosts (e.g. E. coli) Eukaryotic genes (cDNA) Large amounts of protein produced Sadava et al. Life: The Science of Biology (9th ed.), 2011.

  12. Applications What do you think of when you hear the term genetically modified organism (GMO)?

  13. Applications in medicine • Produce proteins when natural mechanisms fail • Insulin to treat diabetes • Clotting factors for hæmophilia • Hormones (e.g. human growth) • Pharmaceutical industry

  14. Insulin • Prior to recombinant DNA, type I diabetics relied on animal insulin • 1978: first insulin produced from E. coli • Less expensive • 70% of insulin now produced this way

  15. Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) Genes for breakdown of hydrocarbons already in species of Pseudomonas Genes from 4 species combined Ottawa Citizen, September 13, 1975

  16. Ethics of GMOs Drosscameron on Flickr Socially meaningful uses Clean up oil spills that endanger wildlife Mesaxena131 on Flickr

  17. Patents on GMOs Pros Cons Raises costs of using the developed GMOs May create a barrier for other scientists to develop the idea Ownership of other forms of life • Encourages R&D investment • New organisms remove Hg, Cu from soils • Reward for scientists • Disseminates scientific details of the GMOs

  18. Ice-minus bacteria Pseudomonas syringae Genetically engineered to prevent crop damage “Frost on red berry plants”, Based in Villigen(basedinvilligen.blogspot.com), 2009.

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