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Advanced Transmission Technologies

Advanced Transmission Technologies. Paul M. Grant W2AGZ Technologies Visiting Scholar, Applied Physics, Stanford EPRI Science Fellow (retired) IBM Research Staff Member Emeritus http://www.w2agz.com http://www.w2agz.com/pes07.htm. Advanced Transmission Technologies. Power Electronics EE 101

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Advanced Transmission Technologies

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  1. Advanced Transmission Technologies Paul M. GrantW2AGZ TechnologiesVisiting Scholar, Applied Physics, StanfordEPRI Science Fellow (retired)IBM Research Staff Member Emeritus http://www.w2agz.com http://www.w2agz.com/pes07.htm Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies

  2. Advanced TransmissionTechnologies • Power Electronics • EE 101 • Applications to FACTS, HVDC and Custom Power • Superconductivity in Power Applications • Background Physics • Transformers, FCLs, Rotating Machinery • The SuperGrid Vision • Nuclear + Hydrogen + Superconductivity Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies

  3. “Conduction Band” Energy “Band Gap” “Valence Band” e- e+ ( ( ( ( ( ( “Semiconductor” e+ ( Protium 1H ( ( •  • “Metal” e- ( V = I R(I,T) EF ( e- ( P = I2R “Ohm’s Law” Physics of Electricity Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies

  4. If R1 > R2 , Then I2 > I1 (Kirchoff’s Law) The Path of Least Resistance A microcosm of the American Grid I I1 R1 I2 R2 V Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies

  5. Ampere’s Law r I B  I/r Maxwell’s Equations Those MagneticMoments Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies

  6. The Genius of Nicola Tesla: Alternating Current The Polyphase ac System: Invented by Nicola Tesla to enable his concept of synchronous motors and generators, now used throughout the electrified world. Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies

  7. ac and dc“The Story” • Edison vs. Tesla • ac won because ac can be transmitted with lower losses at high voltages, reducing I2R dissipation • dc is difficult to transform from a low voltage to a high voltage and back • But maybe Edison won in the long run Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies

  8. I V  C Capacitive current Inductive energy Conductor resistance Cables & Lines I V L Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies

  9. Physics of Power Flow • dc transmission limited by V and R • ac transmission limited by V and R and also the energy stored and released by associated electric (C) and magnetic (L) fields • Capacitive reactance limits length of underground cables to 20 – 30 miles • Inductive reactance and radiation limits length of overhead lines to /4 = 775 miles at 60 Hz Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies

  10. Uno Lamm @ ASEA High Voltage dc “Thyratrons” Anode Porcelains & Mercury Cathode Tank Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies

  11. Thyristors, etc. Thyristor-like discretes are the “pentiums” of all HVDC, FACTS and custom power applications Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies

  12. Application: BTB in Japan Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies

  13. North American HVDC Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies

  14. Specifications 2-1000 MW HVDC Bipolar Circuits • Circuit 1: 130 miles, Greene County → Bronx County • Circuit 2: 140 miles, Albany County → New York County • Each Circuit: +/- 500 kV, 1000 A Bipolar (2 cables ea.) Financials $750 M ($400 M “VC”, $350 M “Futures”) • Loan Payment (4%, 40 yrs, 750 M$) = 35 M$/yr • Labor, Overhead, Maintenance = 5 M$/yr • Tariff = 0.5 ¢/kWh • Profit (NOI) @ 50% Capacity = 4 M$/yr • Profit (NOI) @ Full Capacity = 48 M$/yr Why didn’t it go forward? Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies

  15. Pirelli (Prysmian)Energy Cables $190 M Sayerville, NJ → Levittown LI, NY - 600 MW (+/- 250 kV, 1200 A)- 65 miles (105 km)- $400 M- 2007 Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies

  16. NERC Interconnects Source: DOE 2006 National Electric Transmission Study Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies

  17. Projected 2008 Congested Paths in the Eastern Interconnection Source: DOE 2006 National Electric Transmission Study Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies

  18. Western Interconnection Source: DOE 2006 National Electric Transmission Study Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies

  19. Real-Life Power Flows Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies

  20. Chaos on the Grid Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies

  21. Power Out age r “We are sick and tired of them, and they had better change!” Chicago Mayor Richard Daley on the August 1999 Blackout Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies

  22. The Opportunity Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies

  23. WAMS ABB Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies

  24. Do It! • Buzz Words • GridWise • Intelligrid • Self-Healing Grid • Brilliant Grid • GridWorks • It’s not rocket science! • It’s good old Negative Feedback (Black, 1927) • Just like you have in your Bose headphones • Simply get rid of the noise • Why not just do it? Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies

  25. Fathers of Cryogenics CH4 112 K O 90 N2 77 Ne 27 H2 20 He 4.2 Dewar Kammerlingh-Onnes Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies

  26. ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( • • e- ( ( e- ( Models of Electrical Conductivity The First Idea: R Just Goes to Zero! T Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies

  27. Models of Electrical Conductivity The Most Popular: e- R Freezes Out! T Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies

  28. Models of Electrical Conductivity Reality: R Limited by Impurities!  • e- T Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies

  29. 1911A Big Surprise! Thus the mercury at 4.2 K has entered a new state, which, owing to its particular electrical properties, can be called the state of superconductivity H. Kamerlingh-Onnes (1911) Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies

  30. H off H on H on H on 0 0   -1/4 -1/4 T T Weird ! (Meissner Effect) Magnetic Properties Expected (Lenz’ Law) Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies

  31. • e- Physics of Superconductivity Electrons Pair Off! BCS Equation • + + e- + + Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies

  32. Important Numbersin Superconductivity Transition Temperature, TC Way below 300 K Critical Current Density, JC 10-2 - 106 A/cm2 Critical Magnetic Field, HC 10-4 - 10 T NB! All these numbers depend on each other. Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies

  33. TC vs. Year:1911 - 1980 25 Nb3Ge 20 Nb3Sn V3Si NbN 15 Temperature (K) 4.2 K LHe Required! 10 Pb 5 Hg 0 Cubic Metals 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 Year Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies

  34. Magnetic Resonance Imaging Philips Tevatron Fermi National Laboratory MRI & “Big Physics” Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies

  35. MagLevYamanashi Test Line Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies

  36. To Load To Load To Load From Supply From Supply From Supply SMESSuperconducting Magnetic Energy Storage Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies

  37. Ampere’s Law I B “SQUID” “SQUID” vj i Superconducting Quantum Interference Device Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies

  38. Healthy Heart Ischemic Heart - Early Stages MagnetoTomaGraphy MagnetoCardioGraphy www.cardiomag.com Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies

  39. MRI + MEG Speech Center Pathologies MagnetoTomaGraphy MagnetoEncephloGraphy Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies

  40. 1986Another Big Surprise! Onset TC = 40 K ! Bednorz and Mueller IBM Zuerich, 1986 Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies

  41. 1987“The Prize!” Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies

  42. 200 164 K 150 Temperature, TC (K) 100 High-TC 50 Low-TC 0 Year 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 TC vs. Year:1911 - 1999 Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies

  43. Dipole Force Abrikosov Vortex Lattice H J FLorentz Type II Superconductor in the Mixed State Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies

  44. HC2 HC2 Normal Normal Irreversibility Magnetic Field Line 1/4p Mixed Mixed HC1 Meissner TC Temperature Type II Superconductivity -M Not Perfect Conductor! HC1 HC2 Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies

  45. E = 1 V/cm No More Ohm’s Law E = aJn n = 15 T = 77 K HTS Gen 1 Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies

  46. -M 1/4p H HC1 ac Hysteresis HC2 Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies

  47. Oxidation - Heat Treat HTS OPIT/Ag TapeGeneration I ASC Wire Forming Process Oxide Powder Mechanically Alloyed Precursor 1. Powder Preparation 2. Billet Packing & Sealing A. Extrusion 3. Deformation C. Rolling & Processing B. Wire Draw 4. Wire is the Power Engineering commodity Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies

  48. Wire-to-Cable Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies

  49. Coated ConductorsGeneration II Wire • Biaxially Oriented Y-123 • Out of Japan, LANL, ORNL • DOE/Industry Alliance to Commercialize Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies

  50. Motors • 25,000 hp • Small, Light (1/5 Conventional) • High Power Density • Quiet • Robust http://www.amsuper.com/navy.htm Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies

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